Biofilms are complex communities of bacteria encased in a self-produced matrix, which provides protection and enables survival in diverse environments. These communities are associated with many infections, often chronic and resistant to antibiotics due to factors such as the extracellular matrix, low growth rates, and efficient gene exchange. Biofilms can evolve antibiotic resistance and transfer resistance genes, making them a significant challenge in treating infections. The biofilm life cycle includes initial attachment, irreversible attachment, micro-colony formation, maturation, and dispersion. The matrix, composed of extracellular polymeric substances (EPS), plays a crucial role in protecting bacteria from antimicrobials and environmental stressors. Biofilms also facilitate horizontal gene transfer (HGT), allowing the spread of antimicrobial resistance (AMR) genes through mechanisms such as conjugation, transduction, and transformation. Persister cells, which are metabolically inactive, contribute to biofilm tolerance and resistance. Interactions between bacterial species in multispecies biofilms can influence antimicrobial susceptibility, with some interactions promoting resistance. Quorum sensing, a communication system among bacteria, regulates biofilm formation and can enhance antibiotic resistance. Competition and cooperation between species within biofilms are essential for their development and survival. Understanding these mechanisms is crucial for developing strategies to combat biofilm-associated infections and the spread of antimicrobial resistance.Biofilms are complex communities of bacteria encased in a self-produced matrix, which provides protection and enables survival in diverse environments. These communities are associated with many infections, often chronic and resistant to antibiotics due to factors such as the extracellular matrix, low growth rates, and efficient gene exchange. Biofilms can evolve antibiotic resistance and transfer resistance genes, making them a significant challenge in treating infections. The biofilm life cycle includes initial attachment, irreversible attachment, micro-colony formation, maturation, and dispersion. The matrix, composed of extracellular polymeric substances (EPS), plays a crucial role in protecting bacteria from antimicrobials and environmental stressors. Biofilms also facilitate horizontal gene transfer (HGT), allowing the spread of antimicrobial resistance (AMR) genes through mechanisms such as conjugation, transduction, and transformation. Persister cells, which are metabolically inactive, contribute to biofilm tolerance and resistance. Interactions between bacterial species in multispecies biofilms can influence antimicrobial susceptibility, with some interactions promoting resistance. Quorum sensing, a communication system among bacteria, regulates biofilm formation and can enhance antibiotic resistance. Competition and cooperation between species within biofilms are essential for their development and survival. Understanding these mechanisms is crucial for developing strategies to combat biofilm-associated infections and the spread of antimicrobial resistance.