The global population is expected to grow to over 9 billion by 2050, with an increasing proportion of older adults. This demographic shift will significantly increase global protein requirements. Current dietary patterns contribute to environmental degradation, with agriculture accounting for 50% of global land use and food production responsible for 30% of greenhouse gas emissions. Protein sources are primarily plant-based, but animal-derived proteins are more prevalent in high-income countries. Older adults have higher protein needs, and current dietary guidelines may not be sufficient to meet these needs. Plant-based proteins often have lower quality and may require higher intakes to achieve the same nutritional benefits as animal proteins. However, combining plant proteins can improve amino acid profiles. Animal proteins are major contributors to greenhouse gas emissions and land use, but their environmental impact varies depending on protein quality. Alternative protein sources, such as insects and cultured meat, offer potential solutions but require further research and development. Waste valorisation can also contribute to protein production. The challenge is to meet protein needs sustainably while considering health and environmental impacts. Novel strategies, including plant-based proteins, insect-based proteins, and cultured meat, are being explored to address these challenges. However, consumer acceptance and policy support are crucial for successful implementation. The paper highlights the need for a balanced approach that considers both human health and environmental sustainability in meeting future protein demands.The global population is expected to grow to over 9 billion by 2050, with an increasing proportion of older adults. This demographic shift will significantly increase global protein requirements. Current dietary patterns contribute to environmental degradation, with agriculture accounting for 50% of global land use and food production responsible for 30% of greenhouse gas emissions. Protein sources are primarily plant-based, but animal-derived proteins are more prevalent in high-income countries. Older adults have higher protein needs, and current dietary guidelines may not be sufficient to meet these needs. Plant-based proteins often have lower quality and may require higher intakes to achieve the same nutritional benefits as animal proteins. However, combining plant proteins can improve amino acid profiles. Animal proteins are major contributors to greenhouse gas emissions and land use, but their environmental impact varies depending on protein quality. Alternative protein sources, such as insects and cultured meat, offer potential solutions but require further research and development. Waste valorisation can also contribute to protein production. The challenge is to meet protein needs sustainably while considering health and environmental impacts. Novel strategies, including plant-based proteins, insect-based proteins, and cultured meat, are being explored to address these challenges. However, consumer acceptance and policy support are crucial for successful implementation. The paper highlights the need for a balanced approach that considers both human health and environmental sustainability in meeting future protein demands.