The paper discusses the increasing global demand for protein due to a growing and aging population, highlighting the environmental and sustainability challenges associated with meeting this demand. It reviews the current global patterns of protein consumption and supply, noting that plant-based proteins dominate (60%), while animal-derived proteins contribute significantly to overall protein intake in different regions. The paper emphasizes the importance of protein quality, particularly in older adults, where higher protein requirements are necessary for maintaining muscle mass and function. It explores novel strategies to meet future protein needs, including plant-based alternatives, insect proteins, cultured meat, and waste valorization. The authors also address the risks and challenges of these strategies, such as consumer acceptance and allergenicity, and call for policy changes and investments to support sustainable and diverse protein sources. The paper concludes by emphasizing the need for a balanced approach to ensure adequate protein intake while addressing environmental sustainability and public health concerns.The paper discusses the increasing global demand for protein due to a growing and aging population, highlighting the environmental and sustainability challenges associated with meeting this demand. It reviews the current global patterns of protein consumption and supply, noting that plant-based proteins dominate (60%), while animal-derived proteins contribute significantly to overall protein intake in different regions. The paper emphasizes the importance of protein quality, particularly in older adults, where higher protein requirements are necessary for maintaining muscle mass and function. It explores novel strategies to meet future protein needs, including plant-based alternatives, insect proteins, cultured meat, and waste valorization. The authors also address the risks and challenges of these strategies, such as consumer acceptance and allergenicity, and call for policy changes and investments to support sustainable and diverse protein sources. The paper concludes by emphasizing the need for a balanced approach to ensure adequate protein intake while addressing environmental sustainability and public health concerns.