Membrane technologies in wastewater treatment have gained significant attention due to their efficiency in reclaiming water for reuse. This review discusses various membrane technologies, their advantages, disadvantages, and challenges such as fouling and cleaning. Membrane processes like microfiltration (MF), ultrafiltration (UF), nanofiltration (NF), and reverse osmosis (RO) are widely used for wastewater treatment. RO is particularly effective in removing small particles and ions. Forward osmosis (FO) and electro-dialysis (ED) are also explored for their potential in water recovery. Hybrid systems combining FO with RO or ED with RO are being developed to enhance efficiency and reduce energy consumption. Membrane bioreactors (MBRs) and membrane distillation (MD) are also discussed as promising technologies for wastewater treatment. Membrane modules such as plate-and-frame, tubular, spiral wound, and hollow fiber modules are used for large-scale applications. Concentration polarization (CP) and membrane fouling are significant challenges that affect performance, and various pretreatment strategies and cleaning methods are employed to mitigate these issues. The review highlights the importance of optimizing membrane technologies to address water scarcity and improve water reuse in various sectors.Membrane technologies in wastewater treatment have gained significant attention due to their efficiency in reclaiming water for reuse. This review discusses various membrane technologies, their advantages, disadvantages, and challenges such as fouling and cleaning. Membrane processes like microfiltration (MF), ultrafiltration (UF), nanofiltration (NF), and reverse osmosis (RO) are widely used for wastewater treatment. RO is particularly effective in removing small particles and ions. Forward osmosis (FO) and electro-dialysis (ED) are also explored for their potential in water recovery. Hybrid systems combining FO with RO or ED with RO are being developed to enhance efficiency and reduce energy consumption. Membrane bioreactors (MBRs) and membrane distillation (MD) are also discussed as promising technologies for wastewater treatment. Membrane modules such as plate-and-frame, tubular, spiral wound, and hollow fiber modules are used for large-scale applications. Concentration polarization (CP) and membrane fouling are significant challenges that affect performance, and various pretreatment strategies and cleaning methods are employed to mitigate these issues. The review highlights the importance of optimizing membrane technologies to address water scarcity and improve water reuse in various sectors.