This review discusses the potential of mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) in treating rheumatoid arthritis (RA), a systemic autoimmune disease characterized by chronic joint inflammation and bone destruction. Traditional anti-rheumatic drugs, such as glucocorticoids and non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, have limited efficacy and significant side effects. In contrast, MSCs, known for their immunosuppressive and tissue-repairing properties, offer a promising alternative. The review highlights how MSCs can suppress inflammation and promote tissue regeneration in RA. MSCs achieve this by regulating immune cells, inhibiting pro-inflammatory cytokines, and differentiating into osteoblasts and chondrocytes. The article also explores the use of MSCs in inhibiting bone and cartilage destruction, as well as promoting their regeneration. Additionally, it discusses the challenges and future directions in MSC-based RA therapy, including the need for improved targeting and homing mechanisms. Overall, the review emphasizes the potential of MSCs in providing a more effective and less toxic approach to treating RA.This review discusses the potential of mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) in treating rheumatoid arthritis (RA), a systemic autoimmune disease characterized by chronic joint inflammation and bone destruction. Traditional anti-rheumatic drugs, such as glucocorticoids and non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, have limited efficacy and significant side effects. In contrast, MSCs, known for their immunosuppressive and tissue-repairing properties, offer a promising alternative. The review highlights how MSCs can suppress inflammation and promote tissue regeneration in RA. MSCs achieve this by regulating immune cells, inhibiting pro-inflammatory cytokines, and differentiating into osteoblasts and chondrocytes. The article also explores the use of MSCs in inhibiting bone and cartilage destruction, as well as promoting their regeneration. Additionally, it discusses the challenges and future directions in MSC-based RA therapy, including the need for improved targeting and homing mechanisms. Overall, the review emphasizes the potential of MSCs in providing a more effective and less toxic approach to treating RA.