Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) are a promising cell therapy option for treating various diseases, including tissue injury and immune disorders. They are multipotent, self-renewing, and can differentiate into multiple cell types. MSCs are found in various tissues and can be easily isolated and expanded in vitro. They have been used in clinical trials for over a decade, with a growing number of studies showing their effectiveness in treating conditions such as liver cirrhosis, musculoskeletal disorders, and immune diseases. MSCs can be administered via systemic or local routes, and their therapeutic effects are attributed to their ability to modulate immune responses, secrete growth factors, and promote tissue repair. However, challenges remain in optimizing their use, including determining the best administration route, timing, and cell source for different diseases. MSCs are considered safe and effective, but further research is needed to fully understand their mechanisms and improve their clinical application. They have the potential to be used in various therapeutic strategies, including tissue engineering and drug delivery, and may offer a safer alternative to direct cell administration in the future.Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) are a promising cell therapy option for treating various diseases, including tissue injury and immune disorders. They are multipotent, self-renewing, and can differentiate into multiple cell types. MSCs are found in various tissues and can be easily isolated and expanded in vitro. They have been used in clinical trials for over a decade, with a growing number of studies showing their effectiveness in treating conditions such as liver cirrhosis, musculoskeletal disorders, and immune diseases. MSCs can be administered via systemic or local routes, and their therapeutic effects are attributed to their ability to modulate immune responses, secrete growth factors, and promote tissue repair. However, challenges remain in optimizing their use, including determining the best administration route, timing, and cell source for different diseases. MSCs are considered safe and effective, but further research is needed to fully understand their mechanisms and improve their clinical application. They have the potential to be used in various therapeutic strategies, including tissue engineering and drug delivery, and may offer a safer alternative to direct cell administration in the future.