The PGC-1 family of coactivators, including PGC-1α, PGC-1β, and PRC, plays a central role in the regulatory network governing mitochondrial biogenesis and respiratory function. These coactivators interact with multiple transcription factors such as NRF-1, NRF-2, and ERRα, and themselves serve as targets for coactivator and co-repressor complexes that regulate gene expression through chromatin remodeling. The expression of PGC-1 family members is modulated by extracellular signals controlling metabolism, differentiation, or cell growth, and their activities can be regulated by post-translational modifications by energy sensors like AMPK and SIRT1. Gene knockout and silencing studies have revealed a wide range of phenotypes, suggesting complex compensatory interactions or integrative functions beyond mitochondrial biogenesis. The PGC-1 family is crucial for integrating mitochondrial biogenesis and energy production with various cellular functions, and its dysregulation can lead to mitochondrial dysfunction and metabolic disorders.The PGC-1 family of coactivators, including PGC-1α, PGC-1β, and PRC, plays a central role in the regulatory network governing mitochondrial biogenesis and respiratory function. These coactivators interact with multiple transcription factors such as NRF-1, NRF-2, and ERRα, and themselves serve as targets for coactivator and co-repressor complexes that regulate gene expression through chromatin remodeling. The expression of PGC-1 family members is modulated by extracellular signals controlling metabolism, differentiation, or cell growth, and their activities can be regulated by post-translational modifications by energy sensors like AMPK and SIRT1. Gene knockout and silencing studies have revealed a wide range of phenotypes, suggesting complex compensatory interactions or integrative functions beyond mitochondrial biogenesis. The PGC-1 family is crucial for integrating mitochondrial biogenesis and energy production with various cellular functions, and its dysregulation can lead to mitochondrial dysfunction and metabolic disorders.