The liver is crucial for metabolic homeostasis, and liver cancer often leads to dysregulated liver function, resulting in metabolic rearrangements. These metabolic changes can promote tumor growth and survival in a hostile microenvironment, while also hindering the efficacy of anti-cancer immune responses and immunotherapy. This review discusses the metabolic communication between liver cancer cells and their surrounding immune cells, highlighting how metabolic reprogramming impacts the immune microenvironment and immunotherapy outcomes. It also emphasizes the role of the gut-liver axis in remodeling metabolic crosstalk and immune surveillance, offering novel therapeutic opportunities. The review covers the general characteristics of liver cancer metabolism, metabolic interactions between tumor cells and the tumor microenvironment (TME), nutrient competition, the effect of liver cancer metabolites on immune cells, and the impact of gut microbiota-derived metabolites on the liver cancer microenvironment. The conclusion underscores the need for further research to identify novel therapeutic targets and explore the potential of the gut microbiome in enhancing current treatment strategies, particularly immunotherapies.The liver is crucial for metabolic homeostasis, and liver cancer often leads to dysregulated liver function, resulting in metabolic rearrangements. These metabolic changes can promote tumor growth and survival in a hostile microenvironment, while also hindering the efficacy of anti-cancer immune responses and immunotherapy. This review discusses the metabolic communication between liver cancer cells and their surrounding immune cells, highlighting how metabolic reprogramming impacts the immune microenvironment and immunotherapy outcomes. It also emphasizes the role of the gut-liver axis in remodeling metabolic crosstalk and immune surveillance, offering novel therapeutic opportunities. The review covers the general characteristics of liver cancer metabolism, metabolic interactions between tumor cells and the tumor microenvironment (TME), nutrient competition, the effect of liver cancer metabolites on immune cells, and the impact of gut microbiota-derived metabolites on the liver cancer microenvironment. The conclusion underscores the need for further research to identify novel therapeutic targets and explore the potential of the gut microbiome in enhancing current treatment strategies, particularly immunotherapies.