Metabotropic glutamate receptors (mGluRs) are a family of G-protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) that modulate synaptic transmission and neuronal excitability in the central nervous system (CNS). They bind glutamate in an extracellular domain and transmit signals through intracellular pathways. mGluRs are widely expressed and represent promising targets for treating neurological and psychiatric disorders such as Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, anxiety, depression, and schizophrenia. They are classified into three groups (I, II, III) based on sequence homology, G-protein coupling, and ligand selectivity. Group I mGluRs couple to Gq/G11 and activate phospholipase Cβ, leading to calcium mobilization and protein kinase C activation. Group II and III mGluRs are primarily coupled to Gi/o proteins. mGluRs have diverse functional roles, including synaptic plasticity, modulation of ion channels, and regulation of neurotransmitter release. They are involved in various CNS functions, including learning, memory, and mood regulation. mGluRs are also involved in disease processes such as epilepsy, anxiety, and depression. Recent advances in pharmacology have led to the identification of selective ligands, including orthosteric agonists, antagonists, and allosteric modulators, which have shown therapeutic potential in preclinical and clinical studies. Allosteric modulators, such as positive and negative allosteric modulators, have shown promise in treating disorders like schizophrenia, anxiety, and depression. mGluR5 antagonists have shown efficacy in treating anxiety disorders and fragile X syndrome, while mGluR5 positive allosteric modulators have shown potential in improving cognitive function in schizophrenia. mGluR2 and mGluR3 agonists and modulators have also shown therapeutic potential in various CNS disorders. mGluR4 has emerged as a promising target for the treatment of Parkinson's disease. Overall, mGluRs are a promising area of research for the development of novel therapies for neurological and psychiatric disorders.Metabotropic glutamate receptors (mGluRs) are a family of G-protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) that modulate synaptic transmission and neuronal excitability in the central nervous system (CNS). They bind glutamate in an extracellular domain and transmit signals through intracellular pathways. mGluRs are widely expressed and represent promising targets for treating neurological and psychiatric disorders such as Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, anxiety, depression, and schizophrenia. They are classified into three groups (I, II, III) based on sequence homology, G-protein coupling, and ligand selectivity. Group I mGluRs couple to Gq/G11 and activate phospholipase Cβ, leading to calcium mobilization and protein kinase C activation. Group II and III mGluRs are primarily coupled to Gi/o proteins. mGluRs have diverse functional roles, including synaptic plasticity, modulation of ion channels, and regulation of neurotransmitter release. They are involved in various CNS functions, including learning, memory, and mood regulation. mGluRs are also involved in disease processes such as epilepsy, anxiety, and depression. Recent advances in pharmacology have led to the identification of selective ligands, including orthosteric agonists, antagonists, and allosteric modulators, which have shown therapeutic potential in preclinical and clinical studies. Allosteric modulators, such as positive and negative allosteric modulators, have shown promise in treating disorders like schizophrenia, anxiety, and depression. mGluR5 antagonists have shown efficacy in treating anxiety disorders and fragile X syndrome, while mGluR5 positive allosteric modulators have shown potential in improving cognitive function in schizophrenia. mGluR2 and mGluR3 agonists and modulators have also shown therapeutic potential in various CNS disorders. mGluR4 has emerged as a promising target for the treatment of Parkinson's disease. Overall, mGluRs are a promising area of research for the development of novel therapies for neurological and psychiatric disorders.