Micro(nano)plastics (MNPs) are increasingly prevalent global pollutants, posing significant risks to human health, particularly gut health. This review examines the toxicological impacts of MNPs on the human gut, focusing on their effects on epithelial toxicity, immune response, and gut microbiota. MNPs, derived from plastics like polyethylene, polypropylene, and polystyrene, are found in food, water, and packaging, leading to human exposure primarily through ingestion. Studies show that MNPs can accumulate in mammalian models and human cells, causing adverse effects such as oxidative stress, inflammation, and disruption of gut microbiota. The review highlights the limited understanding of MNPs' long-term effects on humans, emphasizing the need for further research. MNPs can penetrate intestinal cells and trigger immune responses, potentially leading to chronic inflammation and disease. Additionally, MNPs may carry harmful additives like plasticizers and heavy metals, increasing their toxicological risk. The review also discusses the impact of MNPs on the gut microbiota, noting changes in microbial diversity and potential dysbiosis. While in vitro studies show conflicting results, in vivo studies in mammals suggest adverse effects on intestinal cells, immunity, and gut microbiota. The review underscores the importance of developing standardized methods to assess MNP toxicity and the need for further research to understand their long-term impacts on human health.Micro(nano)plastics (MNPs) are increasingly prevalent global pollutants, posing significant risks to human health, particularly gut health. This review examines the toxicological impacts of MNPs on the human gut, focusing on their effects on epithelial toxicity, immune response, and gut microbiota. MNPs, derived from plastics like polyethylene, polypropylene, and polystyrene, are found in food, water, and packaging, leading to human exposure primarily through ingestion. Studies show that MNPs can accumulate in mammalian models and human cells, causing adverse effects such as oxidative stress, inflammation, and disruption of gut microbiota. The review highlights the limited understanding of MNPs' long-term effects on humans, emphasizing the need for further research. MNPs can penetrate intestinal cells and trigger immune responses, potentially leading to chronic inflammation and disease. Additionally, MNPs may carry harmful additives like plasticizers and heavy metals, increasing their toxicological risk. The review also discusses the impact of MNPs on the gut microbiota, noting changes in microbial diversity and potential dysbiosis. While in vitro studies show conflicting results, in vivo studies in mammals suggest adverse effects on intestinal cells, immunity, and gut microbiota. The review underscores the importance of developing standardized methods to assess MNP toxicity and the need for further research to understand their long-term impacts on human health.