This article discusses the challenges and opportunities in scaling up microalgae cultivation for commercial applications. Despite significant research, microalgae-based products such as food, biofuels, and wastewater treatment remain limited in scale and cost. The authors highlight the gap between laboratory results and real-world performance, noting that current microalgae cultivation is still in its early stages. They emphasize the need for improved process design, control, and integration with existing systems to enhance productivity and reduce costs. Key factors affecting microalgae cultivation include environmental conditions, scale, and the need for sustainable practices. The article also discusses the potential of microalgae biorefineries to maximize economic and environmental value. While microalgae cultivation has the potential to be a sustainable alternative to traditional agriculture, challenges such as high costs, logistical constraints, and the need for large-scale infrastructure remain. The authors call for further research and investment to bridge the productivity gap and make microalgae-based technologies more viable for commercial use.This article discusses the challenges and opportunities in scaling up microalgae cultivation for commercial applications. Despite significant research, microalgae-based products such as food, biofuels, and wastewater treatment remain limited in scale and cost. The authors highlight the gap between laboratory results and real-world performance, noting that current microalgae cultivation is still in its early stages. They emphasize the need for improved process design, control, and integration with existing systems to enhance productivity and reduce costs. Key factors affecting microalgae cultivation include environmental conditions, scale, and the need for sustainable practices. The article also discusses the potential of microalgae biorefineries to maximize economic and environmental value. While microalgae cultivation has the potential to be a sustainable alternative to traditional agriculture, challenges such as high costs, logistical constraints, and the need for large-scale infrastructure remain. The authors call for further research and investment to bridge the productivity gap and make microalgae-based technologies more viable for commercial use.