This review article by Nilanjana Das and Preethy Chandran provides an updated overview of microbial degradation of petroleum hydrocarbon contaminants in different ecosystems. The authors highlight the environmental significance of hydrocarbon contamination, particularly from the petrochemical industry, and discuss the limitations of traditional disposal methods such as incineration and burial. Bioremediation, which involves using microorganisms to degrade hydrocarbons, is presented as a cost-effective and environmentally friendly alternative. The paper covers various factors influencing hydrocarbon degradation, including the nature of hydrocarbons, microbial populations, temperature, nutrients, and the presence of biosurfactants. It also discusses the mechanisms of hydrocarbon degradation, the enzymes involved, and the use of immobilized cells for enhanced biodegradation. Additionally, the article reviews commercially available bioremediation agents and the potential of phytoremediation and genetically modified bacteria in addressing hydrocarbon contamination. The authors conclude that microbial degradation is a crucial component in the cleanup strategy for petroleum hydrocarbon remediation, emphasizing the importance of understanding and utilizing indigenous microorganisms for effective environmental remediation.This review article by Nilanjana Das and Preethy Chandran provides an updated overview of microbial degradation of petroleum hydrocarbon contaminants in different ecosystems. The authors highlight the environmental significance of hydrocarbon contamination, particularly from the petrochemical industry, and discuss the limitations of traditional disposal methods such as incineration and burial. Bioremediation, which involves using microorganisms to degrade hydrocarbons, is presented as a cost-effective and environmentally friendly alternative. The paper covers various factors influencing hydrocarbon degradation, including the nature of hydrocarbons, microbial populations, temperature, nutrients, and the presence of biosurfactants. It also discusses the mechanisms of hydrocarbon degradation, the enzymes involved, and the use of immobilized cells for enhanced biodegradation. Additionally, the article reviews commercially available bioremediation agents and the potential of phytoremediation and genetically modified bacteria in addressing hydrocarbon contamination. The authors conclude that microbial degradation is a crucial component in the cleanup strategy for petroleum hydrocarbon remediation, emphasizing the importance of understanding and utilizing indigenous microorganisms for effective environmental remediation.