The article discusses the significant impact of waterborne pathogens on health, particularly in developing regions. It highlights that drinking water is a major source of microbial pathogens, leading to severe gastrointestinal diseases, especially in children due to undernutrition and lack of intervention strategies. The article emphasizes the importance of water quality, sanitation, and hygiene in preventing these diseases, noting that poor conditions account for about 1.7 million deaths annually worldwide. It also addresses the challenges posed by chlorine-resistant parasitic protozoa and emerging environmental pathogens like Helicobacter pylori and Burkholderia pseudomallei. The paper reviews the efficacy of water treatment methods, such as chlorination and filtration, and their limitations in controlling certain pathogens. Additionally, it discusses the role of various pathogens, including cholera, typhoid, rotavirus, and enteropathogenic bacteria, in causing diseases and the need for improved water treatment technologies and hygiene practices to reduce their impact.The article discusses the significant impact of waterborne pathogens on health, particularly in developing regions. It highlights that drinking water is a major source of microbial pathogens, leading to severe gastrointestinal diseases, especially in children due to undernutrition and lack of intervention strategies. The article emphasizes the importance of water quality, sanitation, and hygiene in preventing these diseases, noting that poor conditions account for about 1.7 million deaths annually worldwide. It also addresses the challenges posed by chlorine-resistant parasitic protozoa and emerging environmental pathogens like Helicobacter pylori and Burkholderia pseudomallei. The paper reviews the efficacy of water treatment methods, such as chlorination and filtration, and their limitations in controlling certain pathogens. Additionally, it discusses the role of various pathogens, including cholera, typhoid, rotavirus, and enteropathogenic bacteria, in causing diseases and the need for improved water treatment technologies and hygiene practices to reduce their impact.