Microclimate refers to the climate conditions in localized areas near the Earth's surface, including temperature, light, wind speed, and moisture. It plays a critical role in ecological processes such as plant growth, soil respiration, and nutrient cycling. Human activities and natural disturbances can alter the physical environment of an ecosystem, affecting microclimate patterns. Microclimate directly influences ecological processes and reflects subtle changes in ecosystem function and landscape structure across scales. Understanding microclimate is essential for ecological research, management decision-making, and empirical field studies. Microclimate variability is influenced by landscape structure, including patches, corridors, and transitional zones. Landscape structure affects microclimate through gradients of elevation, slope, and aspect. Microclimate is highly sensitive to changes in overstory canopy structure and exhibits spatial and temporal variability within a forest. Different management practices, such as clearcutting, dispersed retention, and aggregated retention, create distinct microclimatic conditions. For example, clearcut areas have higher shortwave radiation, temperature, and wind speed compared to undisturbed patches. Microclimate changes near edges can modify or impair ecosystem functions. Edge effects are significant in fragmented landscapes, with microclimatic conditions varying greatly from patch interior to edge and into neighboring patches. Edge width can extend several tree heights into the forest, influencing a large portion of the landscape. Stream and river corridors, as edge zones, are critical for maintaining ecological functions in managed landscapes. Harvesting riparian forests affects microclimatic variables such as stream temperature, air temperature, and humidity. The importance of scaling in microclimate studies is emphasized, as microclimate and its influence on biological processes vary with spatial and temporal scales. Wavelet analysis has been used to examine microclimate patterns across multiple scales, revealing relationships between canopy structure and microclimate. Empirical studies suggest that landscape structure can be defined and delineated using microclimate information, providing insights into biological responses to management and landscape design. Microclimate information is vital for understanding ecological processes and managing landscapes. However, traditional climatic summaries can be misleading, and it is essential to consider microclimate at multiple scales. Quality control procedures and appropriate methods for data analysis are crucial for accurate microclimate studies. The study highlights the need for comprehensive microclimate research to inform management practices and conservation efforts in forest ecosystems.Microclimate refers to the climate conditions in localized areas near the Earth's surface, including temperature, light, wind speed, and moisture. It plays a critical role in ecological processes such as plant growth, soil respiration, and nutrient cycling. Human activities and natural disturbances can alter the physical environment of an ecosystem, affecting microclimate patterns. Microclimate directly influences ecological processes and reflects subtle changes in ecosystem function and landscape structure across scales. Understanding microclimate is essential for ecological research, management decision-making, and empirical field studies. Microclimate variability is influenced by landscape structure, including patches, corridors, and transitional zones. Landscape structure affects microclimate through gradients of elevation, slope, and aspect. Microclimate is highly sensitive to changes in overstory canopy structure and exhibits spatial and temporal variability within a forest. Different management practices, such as clearcutting, dispersed retention, and aggregated retention, create distinct microclimatic conditions. For example, clearcut areas have higher shortwave radiation, temperature, and wind speed compared to undisturbed patches. Microclimate changes near edges can modify or impair ecosystem functions. Edge effects are significant in fragmented landscapes, with microclimatic conditions varying greatly from patch interior to edge and into neighboring patches. Edge width can extend several tree heights into the forest, influencing a large portion of the landscape. Stream and river corridors, as edge zones, are critical for maintaining ecological functions in managed landscapes. Harvesting riparian forests affects microclimatic variables such as stream temperature, air temperature, and humidity. The importance of scaling in microclimate studies is emphasized, as microclimate and its influence on biological processes vary with spatial and temporal scales. Wavelet analysis has been used to examine microclimate patterns across multiple scales, revealing relationships between canopy structure and microclimate. Empirical studies suggest that landscape structure can be defined and delineated using microclimate information, providing insights into biological responses to management and landscape design. Microclimate information is vital for understanding ecological processes and managing landscapes. However, traditional climatic summaries can be misleading, and it is essential to consider microclimate at multiple scales. Quality control procedures and appropriate methods for data analysis are crucial for accurate microclimate studies. The study highlights the need for comprehensive microclimate research to inform management practices and conservation efforts in forest ecosystems.