Microglia are essential for the development and function of the mammalian central nervous system (CNS). Initially described as phagocytic cells, microglia are now recognized as versatile cells capable of morphological and functional adaptation. They maintain CNS homeostasis and are involved in various pathological conditions, including neurodegeneration, infection, and autoimmune diseases. Microglia originate from the yolk sac and populate the CNS before vasculogenesis. They are vital for CNS development, homeostasis, and disease. Recent studies using real-time imaging have revealed microglial dynamics, including their role in phagocytosis, synaptic pruning, and neuroinflammation. Microglia contribute to neuronal survival by releasing trophic factors and participate in synaptic homeostasis by pruning synapses and maintaining synaptic connections. Dysregulation of microglial function can lead to neurological disorders such as obsessive-compulsive disorder and Rett syndrome. Microglia also play a critical role in neurodegenerative diseases like Alzheimer's disease, where they can either protect or exacerbate the condition through inflammatory responses. Understanding microglial biology is crucial for developing therapies for neurological disorders.Microglia are essential for the development and function of the mammalian central nervous system (CNS). Initially described as phagocytic cells, microglia are now recognized as versatile cells capable of morphological and functional adaptation. They maintain CNS homeostasis and are involved in various pathological conditions, including neurodegeneration, infection, and autoimmune diseases. Microglia originate from the yolk sac and populate the CNS before vasculogenesis. They are vital for CNS development, homeostasis, and disease. Recent studies using real-time imaging have revealed microglial dynamics, including their role in phagocytosis, synaptic pruning, and neuroinflammation. Microglia contribute to neuronal survival by releasing trophic factors and participate in synaptic homeostasis by pruning synapses and maintaining synaptic connections. Dysregulation of microglial function can lead to neurological disorders such as obsessive-compulsive disorder and Rett syndrome. Microglia also play a critical role in neurodegenerative diseases like Alzheimer's disease, where they can either protect or exacerbate the condition through inflammatory responses. Understanding microglial biology is crucial for developing therapies for neurological disorders.