Microplastics (MPs) and nanoplastics (NPs) are increasingly recognized as potential threats to respiratory health. This review summarizes current evidence on the impact of MP/NP exposure on lung health, focusing on in vitro, in vivo, and occupational studies. MPs and NPs are released throughout the lifecycle of plastics and can accumulate in the environment, including in the lungs. Exposure to ambient levels of MPs/NPs is a growing concern, as they can cause inflammation, oxidative stress, and damage to lung tissue. MPs and NPs are found in various indoor and outdoor environments, with higher concentrations in indoor air. Studies show that particles with an aerodynamic diameter less than 2.5 µm can penetrate deep into the lungs, while larger particles deposit in airways. The types of MPs/NPs found in the air and dust are similar to those identified in lung tissue, suggesting inhalation as a primary route of exposure. In vitro studies indicate that MPs/NPs can affect alveolar macrophages and epithelial cells, leading to inflammation, oxidative stress, and reduced barrier function. These effects are size-dependent, with smaller particles being more harmful. In vivo studies in animal models show that exposure to MPs/NPs can lead to inflammatory responses, fibrosis, and lung cancer. Occupational exposure to plastics, such as polyvinyl chloride, has been linked to respiratory diseases like asthma, pulmonary fibrosis, and lung cancer. The review highlights the need for further research to understand the mechanisms of MP/NP toxicity and their long-term effects on respiratory health. It emphasizes the importance of assessing environmental exposure levels and developing better methods to detect and characterize MPs/NPs in the lungs. The findings underscore the urgent need for comprehensive studies to evaluate the impact of MPs/NPs on human health, particularly in the context of increasing plastic use and environmental pollution.Microplastics (MPs) and nanoplastics (NPs) are increasingly recognized as potential threats to respiratory health. This review summarizes current evidence on the impact of MP/NP exposure on lung health, focusing on in vitro, in vivo, and occupational studies. MPs and NPs are released throughout the lifecycle of plastics and can accumulate in the environment, including in the lungs. Exposure to ambient levels of MPs/NPs is a growing concern, as they can cause inflammation, oxidative stress, and damage to lung tissue. MPs and NPs are found in various indoor and outdoor environments, with higher concentrations in indoor air. Studies show that particles with an aerodynamic diameter less than 2.5 µm can penetrate deep into the lungs, while larger particles deposit in airways. The types of MPs/NPs found in the air and dust are similar to those identified in lung tissue, suggesting inhalation as a primary route of exposure. In vitro studies indicate that MPs/NPs can affect alveolar macrophages and epithelial cells, leading to inflammation, oxidative stress, and reduced barrier function. These effects are size-dependent, with smaller particles being more harmful. In vivo studies in animal models show that exposure to MPs/NPs can lead to inflammatory responses, fibrosis, and lung cancer. Occupational exposure to plastics, such as polyvinyl chloride, has been linked to respiratory diseases like asthma, pulmonary fibrosis, and lung cancer. The review highlights the need for further research to understand the mechanisms of MP/NP toxicity and their long-term effects on respiratory health. It emphasizes the importance of assessing environmental exposure levels and developing better methods to detect and characterize MPs/NPs in the lungs. The findings underscore the urgent need for comprehensive studies to evaluate the impact of MPs/NPs on human health, particularly in the context of increasing plastic use and environmental pollution.