The review explores the intricate relationship between psychiatric disorders and the gut microbiota, emphasizing the gut-brain axis (GBA) as a critical link in mental health. Psychiatric disorders, such as Major Depressive Disorder (MDD), Anxiety, and Schizophrenia, are influenced by gut microbiota through the GBA, which connects the enteric and central nervous systems. Probiotics and prebiotics, which modulate gut health, may alleviate psychiatric symptoms by influencing brain function. Psychotropic drugs, including antidepressants and antipsychotics, also impact the microbiome, potentially affecting immune and nervous system functions. The review highlights the role of the gut microbiota in modulating neurotransmitters, immune responses, and inflammatory pathways, which are crucial for mental health. It discusses the potential of probiotic and prebiotic therapies in treating psychiatric conditions, as well as the antimicrobial effects of psychotropic drugs. The review also addresses the impact of microbiota imbalance on psychopathologies, such as Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD), and the potential of microbiota-based therapies in treating these conditions. The study emphasizes the need for further research to fully understand the benefits of these therapies and their long-term effects. The review concludes that the gut microbiota and GBA play significant roles in the onset and modulation of psychiatric disorders, with various therapeutic approaches showing promise in addressing these complex conditions.The review explores the intricate relationship between psychiatric disorders and the gut microbiota, emphasizing the gut-brain axis (GBA) as a critical link in mental health. Psychiatric disorders, such as Major Depressive Disorder (MDD), Anxiety, and Schizophrenia, are influenced by gut microbiota through the GBA, which connects the enteric and central nervous systems. Probiotics and prebiotics, which modulate gut health, may alleviate psychiatric symptoms by influencing brain function. Psychotropic drugs, including antidepressants and antipsychotics, also impact the microbiome, potentially affecting immune and nervous system functions. The review highlights the role of the gut microbiota in modulating neurotransmitters, immune responses, and inflammatory pathways, which are crucial for mental health. It discusses the potential of probiotic and prebiotic therapies in treating psychiatric conditions, as well as the antimicrobial effects of psychotropic drugs. The review also addresses the impact of microbiota imbalance on psychopathologies, such as Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD), and the potential of microbiota-based therapies in treating these conditions. The study emphasizes the need for further research to fully understand the benefits of these therapies and their long-term effects. The review concludes that the gut microbiota and GBA play significant roles in the onset and modulation of psychiatric disorders, with various therapeutic approaches showing promise in addressing these complex conditions.