This study investigates the interconnections between mindfulness, self-efficacy, self-regulation, and their impact on psychological well-being among 527 Chinese EFL learners. Using a cross-sectional design, the study employed validated self-report questionnaires and structural equation modeling (SEM) to explore these relationships. The results indicate that mindfulness and self-efficacy independently and directly predict psychological well-being. Additionally, self-regulation acts as a significant mediator in the relationship between mindfulness and psychological well-being, suggesting that mindfulness enhances well-being indirectly through improved self-regulation skills. The findings highlight the critical roles of mindfulness practices, self-efficacy beliefs, and self-regulation skills in promoting psychological well-being among EFL learners. However, the study's cross-sectional design limits causal inference, and the use of self-report measures may introduce biases. Future research should adopt longitudinal designs and diverse participant samples to further elucidate these relationships and enhance the robustness of the findings.This study investigates the interconnections between mindfulness, self-efficacy, self-regulation, and their impact on psychological well-being among 527 Chinese EFL learners. Using a cross-sectional design, the study employed validated self-report questionnaires and structural equation modeling (SEM) to explore these relationships. The results indicate that mindfulness and self-efficacy independently and directly predict psychological well-being. Additionally, self-regulation acts as a significant mediator in the relationship between mindfulness and psychological well-being, suggesting that mindfulness enhances well-being indirectly through improved self-regulation skills. The findings highlight the critical roles of mindfulness practices, self-efficacy beliefs, and self-regulation skills in promoting psychological well-being among EFL learners. However, the study's cross-sectional design limits causal inference, and the use of self-report measures may introduce biases. Future research should adopt longitudinal designs and diverse participant samples to further elucidate these relationships and enhance the robustness of the findings.