The Annual Review of Psychology (2017) reviews the growing evidence on mindfulness interventions, which aim to enhance present-moment awareness. Over the past two decades, there has been a significant increase in randomized controlled trials (RCTs) evaluating these interventions. The review discusses their effects on health, cognitive, affective, and interpersonal outcomes, their application in new settings and populations, psychological and neurobiological mechanisms, dosing considerations, and potential risks. RCTs show that mindfulness interventions improve outcomes in multiple domains, such as chronic pain, depression relapse, and addiction. The review also highlights the integration of mindfulness into institutional settings like the workplace, schools, and the military, and its application across the lifespan, including pregnant women, children, and older adults. Psychological mechanisms include emotion regulation and acceptance, while neurobiological mechanisms involve changes in brain structure and function. Dosing considerations suggest that mindfulness interventions require consistent practice for benefits. Potential risks include the possibility of increased distress in some individuals. The review emphasizes the need for further research to evaluate the safety, efficacy, and effectiveness of mindfulness interventions in various contexts. Overall, mindfulness interventions show promise in improving mental and physical health, but more rigorous studies are needed to fully understand their mechanisms and applications.The Annual Review of Psychology (2017) reviews the growing evidence on mindfulness interventions, which aim to enhance present-moment awareness. Over the past two decades, there has been a significant increase in randomized controlled trials (RCTs) evaluating these interventions. The review discusses their effects on health, cognitive, affective, and interpersonal outcomes, their application in new settings and populations, psychological and neurobiological mechanisms, dosing considerations, and potential risks. RCTs show that mindfulness interventions improve outcomes in multiple domains, such as chronic pain, depression relapse, and addiction. The review also highlights the integration of mindfulness into institutional settings like the workplace, schools, and the military, and its application across the lifespan, including pregnant women, children, and older adults. Psychological mechanisms include emotion regulation and acceptance, while neurobiological mechanisms involve changes in brain structure and function. Dosing considerations suggest that mindfulness interventions require consistent practice for benefits. Potential risks include the possibility of increased distress in some individuals. The review emphasizes the need for further research to evaluate the safety, efficacy, and effectiveness of mindfulness interventions in various contexts. Overall, mindfulness interventions show promise in improving mental and physical health, but more rigorous studies are needed to fully understand their mechanisms and applications.