The article provides a comprehensive overview of the molecular chaperonin HSP60, also known as chaperonin 60 (Cpn60), and its diverse roles in cellular processes. HSP60, primarily found in mitochondria, plays a crucial role in maintaining proteostasis and homeostasis. It is involved in protein folding, cell signaling, and managing high-temperature stress. In prokaryotes, HSP60 is part of the GroEL/GroES complex, while in eukaryotes, it has multiple isoforms with distinct functions. HSP60 is implicated in various biological functions, including facilitating protein folding, influencing disease and development processes, and sustaining oxidative stress and mitochondrial integrity. Research highlights its critical role in protecting against apoptosis and maintaining mitochondrial integrity. Clinical investigations are exploring HSP60 as a therapeutic target for conditions such as cancer, inflammatory disorders, and neurodegenerative diseases. The review delves into the structure, co-chaperones, subcellular localization, and functions of HSP60, emphasizing its significance in cellular homeostasis and its implications in diseases like cancer and neurodegeneration.The article provides a comprehensive overview of the molecular chaperonin HSP60, also known as chaperonin 60 (Cpn60), and its diverse roles in cellular processes. HSP60, primarily found in mitochondria, plays a crucial role in maintaining proteostasis and homeostasis. It is involved in protein folding, cell signaling, and managing high-temperature stress. In prokaryotes, HSP60 is part of the GroEL/GroES complex, while in eukaryotes, it has multiple isoforms with distinct functions. HSP60 is implicated in various biological functions, including facilitating protein folding, influencing disease and development processes, and sustaining oxidative stress and mitochondrial integrity. Research highlights its critical role in protecting against apoptosis and maintaining mitochondrial integrity. Clinical investigations are exploring HSP60 as a therapeutic target for conditions such as cancer, inflammatory disorders, and neurodegenerative diseases. The review delves into the structure, co-chaperones, subcellular localization, and functions of HSP60, emphasizing its significance in cellular homeostasis and its implications in diseases like cancer and neurodegeneration.