The chapter discusses the molecular and biological properties of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), a key regulator of angiogenesis. VEGF is essential for embryonic vasculogenesis, angiogenesis, and various physiological processes such as cyclical blood vessel proliferation in the female reproductive tract and bone growth. It is also implicated in pathological angiogenesis, particularly in conditions like proliferative retinopathies and tumors. Anti-VEGF treatments, including monoclonal antibodies and inhibitors, have shown therapeutic benefits in animal models of myocardial and limb ischemia. The chapter highlights VEGF's role as a mitogen for endothelial cells, its angiogenic and survival effects, and its ability to induce the expression of various proteins and adhesion molecules. Additionally, it describes VEGF's regulatory effects on blood cells and its hemodynamic actions. The organization of the VEGF gene and the characteristics of different VEGF proteins are also discussed, emphasizing the diversity of VEGF isoforms generated by alternative splicing.The chapter discusses the molecular and biological properties of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), a key regulator of angiogenesis. VEGF is essential for embryonic vasculogenesis, angiogenesis, and various physiological processes such as cyclical blood vessel proliferation in the female reproductive tract and bone growth. It is also implicated in pathological angiogenesis, particularly in conditions like proliferative retinopathies and tumors. Anti-VEGF treatments, including monoclonal antibodies and inhibitors, have shown therapeutic benefits in animal models of myocardial and limb ischemia. The chapter highlights VEGF's role as a mitogen for endothelial cells, its angiogenic and survival effects, and its ability to induce the expression of various proteins and adhesion molecules. Additionally, it describes VEGF's regulatory effects on blood cells and its hemodynamic actions. The organization of the VEGF gene and the characteristics of different VEGF proteins are also discussed, emphasizing the diversity of VEGF isoforms generated by alternative splicing.