Cervical cancer (CC) remains a significant public health issue, primarily driven by persistent infections with high-risk (HR) human papillomavirus (HPV). The main types of HPV associated with CC are HPV16, HPV18, and others, with HPV16 accounting for approximately 60% of cases. HPV infection targets the cervix transformation zone, leading to the development of premalignant lesions and, eventually, cancer. The viral oncoproteins E6, E7, and E5 play crucial roles in cancer development by affecting cell signaling pathways involved in proliferation, immune response evasion, apoptosis, and genomic instability. E5 modulates ionic homeostasis and EGFR signaling, while E6 and E7 regulate DNA damage repair and cell cycle progression. Next-generation technologies have provided extensive information on the genome, transcriptome, proteome, metabolome, and epigenome changes in CC, identifying novel molecular traits that may serve as biomarkers and therapeutic targets. These advancements have enhanced our understanding of CC pathogenesis and offer potential strategies for diagnosis and treatment.Cervical cancer (CC) remains a significant public health issue, primarily driven by persistent infections with high-risk (HR) human papillomavirus (HPV). The main types of HPV associated with CC are HPV16, HPV18, and others, with HPV16 accounting for approximately 60% of cases. HPV infection targets the cervix transformation zone, leading to the development of premalignant lesions and, eventually, cancer. The viral oncoproteins E6, E7, and E5 play crucial roles in cancer development by affecting cell signaling pathways involved in proliferation, immune response evasion, apoptosis, and genomic instability. E5 modulates ionic homeostasis and EGFR signaling, while E6 and E7 regulate DNA damage repair and cell cycle progression. Next-generation technologies have provided extensive information on the genome, transcriptome, proteome, metabolome, and epigenome changes in CC, identifying novel molecular traits that may serve as biomarkers and therapeutic targets. These advancements have enhanced our understanding of CC pathogenesis and offer potential strategies for diagnosis and treatment.