This review discusses the molecular mechanisms of semaglutide and liraglutide, two glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonists (GLP-1RAs), in the treatment of obesity. These drugs, originally developed for type 2 diabetes, have shown efficacy in weight loss and body weight maintenance. The review outlines their mechanisms of action in various metabolic pathways, including appetite regulation, insulin secretion, glucose homeostasis, energy expenditure, and lipid metabolism. It also summarizes clinical trial outcomes, highlighting their safety and effectiveness in obesity management. Semaglutide and liraglutide activate the GLP-1 receptor, leading to increased insulin secretion, reduced glucagon release, and improved glucose homeostasis. They also modulate appetite, gastric emptying, and cardiovascular effects. These drugs have been shown to reduce body weight, improve blood glucose levels, and lower the risk of cardiovascular diseases. Additionally, they may have beneficial effects on lipid metabolism, reducing fat accumulation and improving energy expenditure. The review also discusses the central nervous system effects of these drugs, including their role in satiety, thermogenesis, and neurogenesis. They can reduce inflammation, improve endothelial function, and modulate neuroinflammation, which may contribute to their effectiveness in obesity treatment. Clinical trials have demonstrated that semaglutide and liraglutide are effective in weight loss, with semaglutide showing greater efficacy than liraglutide in some studies. However, individual medical status must be considered when prescribing these drugs. The review concludes that GLP-1RAs, particularly semaglutide, have significant potential as therapeutic options for obesity due to their multifaceted mechanisms of action and positive clinical outcomes. They may also have broader applications in treating other obesity-related conditions, including fatty liver disease, dyslipidemia, hypertension, and even cancer. Further research is needed to fully understand their therapeutic potential and to optimize their use in clinical practice.This review discusses the molecular mechanisms of semaglutide and liraglutide, two glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonists (GLP-1RAs), in the treatment of obesity. These drugs, originally developed for type 2 diabetes, have shown efficacy in weight loss and body weight maintenance. The review outlines their mechanisms of action in various metabolic pathways, including appetite regulation, insulin secretion, glucose homeostasis, energy expenditure, and lipid metabolism. It also summarizes clinical trial outcomes, highlighting their safety and effectiveness in obesity management. Semaglutide and liraglutide activate the GLP-1 receptor, leading to increased insulin secretion, reduced glucagon release, and improved glucose homeostasis. They also modulate appetite, gastric emptying, and cardiovascular effects. These drugs have been shown to reduce body weight, improve blood glucose levels, and lower the risk of cardiovascular diseases. Additionally, they may have beneficial effects on lipid metabolism, reducing fat accumulation and improving energy expenditure. The review also discusses the central nervous system effects of these drugs, including their role in satiety, thermogenesis, and neurogenesis. They can reduce inflammation, improve endothelial function, and modulate neuroinflammation, which may contribute to their effectiveness in obesity treatment. Clinical trials have demonstrated that semaglutide and liraglutide are effective in weight loss, with semaglutide showing greater efficacy than liraglutide in some studies. However, individual medical status must be considered when prescribing these drugs. The review concludes that GLP-1RAs, particularly semaglutide, have significant potential as therapeutic options for obesity due to their multifaceted mechanisms of action and positive clinical outcomes. They may also have broader applications in treating other obesity-related conditions, including fatty liver disease, dyslipidemia, hypertension, and even cancer. Further research is needed to fully understand their therapeutic potential and to optimize their use in clinical practice.