Moral universals: A machine-reading analysis of 256 societies

Moral universals: A machine-reading analysis of 256 societies

10 February 2024 | Mark Alfano, Marc Cheong, Oliver Scott Curry
The article presents a machine-reading analysis of 256 societies to examine the cross-cultural prevalence of seven moral values proposed by the theory of "morality-as-cooperation." The researchers developed a new Morality-as-Cooperation Dictionary (MAC-D) and used Linguistic Inquiry and Word Count (LIWC) to machine-code ethnographic accounts of morality from the Human Relations Area Files (HRAF) corpus. Their findings confirm that most of the seven moral values—family values, group loyalty, reciprocity, heroism, deference, fairness, and property rights—are present in most societies across all cultural regions. The new method allows for the detection of minor variations in moral values across regions and subsistence strategies and validates the machine-coding against previous hand-coding. The study highlights the theoretical motivation, comprehensiveness, and validation of MAC-D as a tool for analyzing moral corpora. The researchers also discuss the limitations of the study, including the potential overestimation of moral prevalence by the machine-coding method and the need for further research using more systematic data collection. The study concludes that MAC-D is a valuable tool for examining the cross-cultural universality of moral values, and future research should explore the use of other natural language processing tools and expand the dictionary to other languages to further test the cross-cultural robustness of the theory. The study also raises questions about the moral valence of cooperation and the potential for moral conflicts between different values. Overall, the research provides compelling evidence for the cross-cultural universality of moral values and the utility of MAC-D as a tool for analyzing moral corpora.The article presents a machine-reading analysis of 256 societies to examine the cross-cultural prevalence of seven moral values proposed by the theory of "morality-as-cooperation." The researchers developed a new Morality-as-Cooperation Dictionary (MAC-D) and used Linguistic Inquiry and Word Count (LIWC) to machine-code ethnographic accounts of morality from the Human Relations Area Files (HRAF) corpus. Their findings confirm that most of the seven moral values—family values, group loyalty, reciprocity, heroism, deference, fairness, and property rights—are present in most societies across all cultural regions. The new method allows for the detection of minor variations in moral values across regions and subsistence strategies and validates the machine-coding against previous hand-coding. The study highlights the theoretical motivation, comprehensiveness, and validation of MAC-D as a tool for analyzing moral corpora. The researchers also discuss the limitations of the study, including the potential overestimation of moral prevalence by the machine-coding method and the need for further research using more systematic data collection. The study concludes that MAC-D is a valuable tool for examining the cross-cultural universality of moral values, and future research should explore the use of other natural language processing tools and expand the dictionary to other languages to further test the cross-cultural robustness of the theory. The study also raises questions about the moral valence of cooperation and the potential for moral conflicts between different values. Overall, the research provides compelling evidence for the cross-cultural universality of moral values and the utility of MAC-D as a tool for analyzing moral corpora.
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