The article "Mouse and Rat Anesthesia and Analgesia" by Sang Su Oh and Heather L. Narver discusses the critical roles of anesthesia and analgesia in ethical and humane animal research, particularly focusing on mice and rats. These rodents, due to their genetic similarity to humans, are widely used in scientific investigations. Proper anesthesia and analgesia not only enhance animal welfare but also improve experimental validity by minimizing stress-induced physiological responses. Recent advancements have shifted the focus from a one-size-fits-all approach to tailored anesthesia protocols, considering factors like age, strain, and the nature of the procedure. Inhalation agents such as isoflurane and sevoflurane are preferred for their rapid induction and recovery, allowing precise control over anesthesia depth. Injectable anesthetic agents also offer flexibility, and progress in analgesic techniques has led to effective pain management strategies, including the use of NSAIDs, opioids, and local anesthetics. The article provides three basic protocols: injectable anesthesia, inhalant anesthesia, and analgesia for mice and rats. Each protocol emphasizes the importance of proper preparation, monitoring, and continuous assessment of the animal's physiological status. Key considerations include maintaining body temperature, using appropriate dosages, and ensuring effective pain relief without compromising experimental outcomes. The commentary highlights the technical challenges and risks associated with anesthesia in rodents, such as species variation, metabolic rate, and the need for careful dosing. It also discusses the advantages and disadvantages of different anesthetic methods, emphasizing the importance of tailoring the anesthetic regimen to the specific needs of the research project and the individual animal.The article "Mouse and Rat Anesthesia and Analgesia" by Sang Su Oh and Heather L. Narver discusses the critical roles of anesthesia and analgesia in ethical and humane animal research, particularly focusing on mice and rats. These rodents, due to their genetic similarity to humans, are widely used in scientific investigations. Proper anesthesia and analgesia not only enhance animal welfare but also improve experimental validity by minimizing stress-induced physiological responses. Recent advancements have shifted the focus from a one-size-fits-all approach to tailored anesthesia protocols, considering factors like age, strain, and the nature of the procedure. Inhalation agents such as isoflurane and sevoflurane are preferred for their rapid induction and recovery, allowing precise control over anesthesia depth. Injectable anesthetic agents also offer flexibility, and progress in analgesic techniques has led to effective pain management strategies, including the use of NSAIDs, opioids, and local anesthetics. The article provides three basic protocols: injectable anesthesia, inhalant anesthesia, and analgesia for mice and rats. Each protocol emphasizes the importance of proper preparation, monitoring, and continuous assessment of the animal's physiological status. Key considerations include maintaining body temperature, using appropriate dosages, and ensuring effective pain relief without compromising experimental outcomes. The commentary highlights the technical challenges and risks associated with anesthesia in rodents, such as species variation, metabolic rate, and the need for careful dosing. It also discusses the advantages and disadvantages of different anesthetic methods, emphasizing the importance of tailoring the anesthetic regimen to the specific needs of the research project and the individual animal.