2024 | Dengli Chen, Tangxin Xiao, Éric Monflier, Leyong Wang
This perspective reviews recent advances in multi-step fluorescence resonance energy transfer (FRET) systems based on discrete supramolecular assemblies (DSAs). DSAs, which are self-assembled through non-covalent interactions, have been used to incorporate donors and multiple acceptors, enabling multi-step FRET. The review categorizes these DSAs based on their non-covalent scaffolds, including amphiphilic nanoparticles, host-guest assemblies, metal-coordination scaffolds, and biomolecular scaffolds. Key advantages of multi-step FRET systems over one-step systems include larger Stokes shifts, long-range energy transfer, and better mimicry of natural light-harvesting systems. The review highlights several applications, such as tunable photoluminescent materials, temperature sensing, and photocatalysis. It also discusses the challenges and future directions, emphasizing the need for more efficient acceptors, the development of three-step FRET systems, and the stability of these systems. Overall, the field of multi-step FRET systems based on DSAs shows significant potential and is expected to continue evolving with further research.This perspective reviews recent advances in multi-step fluorescence resonance energy transfer (FRET) systems based on discrete supramolecular assemblies (DSAs). DSAs, which are self-assembled through non-covalent interactions, have been used to incorporate donors and multiple acceptors, enabling multi-step FRET. The review categorizes these DSAs based on their non-covalent scaffolds, including amphiphilic nanoparticles, host-guest assemblies, metal-coordination scaffolds, and biomolecular scaffolds. Key advantages of multi-step FRET systems over one-step systems include larger Stokes shifts, long-range energy transfer, and better mimicry of natural light-harvesting systems. The review highlights several applications, such as tunable photoluminescent materials, temperature sensing, and photocatalysis. It also discusses the challenges and future directions, emphasizing the need for more efficient acceptors, the development of three-step FRET systems, and the stability of these systems. Overall, the field of multi-step FRET systems based on DSAs shows significant potential and is expected to continue evolving with further research.