Nanofibrous porous organic polymers (POPs) and their derivatives have garnered significant attention due to their exceptional processability, high surface area, and tunable pore structures. This review summarizes the latest advancements in the synthesis, fabrication, and applications of nanofibrous POPs and their derivatives, including porous organic polymer nanofibers, composites, and carbon nanofibers. The article discusses design strategies, formation mechanisms, functional attributes, and potential applications of these materials. It highlights two primary fabrication approaches: direct bulk synthesis and electrospinning technology. The review also explores the performance of nanofibrous POPs in various applications, such as water treatment, gas adsorption, energy storage, heterogeneous catalysis, microwave absorption, and biomedical systems. Challenges and future prospects of nanofibrous POPs and their derivatives are also discussed. The review emphasizes the 1D nanofibrous morphology, which offers unique advantages such as enhanced surface contact, reduced diffusion resistance, and tunable surface functionality. The article covers the preparation methods of nanofibrous POPs, including hard-template, soft-template, and template-free synthesis. It also discusses the electrospinning method for producing nanofibrous POPs and their derivatives, highlighting the roles of reactant concentration and solvent composition. The review highlights the potential of nanofibrous POPs in various applications, including water treatment, where they can efficiently adsorb pollutants such as organic dyes, phenols, heavy metal ions, and pharmaceuticals. The review also discusses the challenges and future directions of nanofibrous POPs and their derivatives, emphasizing the need for further research to enhance their practical applications.Nanofibrous porous organic polymers (POPs) and their derivatives have garnered significant attention due to their exceptional processability, high surface area, and tunable pore structures. This review summarizes the latest advancements in the synthesis, fabrication, and applications of nanofibrous POPs and their derivatives, including porous organic polymer nanofibers, composites, and carbon nanofibers. The article discusses design strategies, formation mechanisms, functional attributes, and potential applications of these materials. It highlights two primary fabrication approaches: direct bulk synthesis and electrospinning technology. The review also explores the performance of nanofibrous POPs in various applications, such as water treatment, gas adsorption, energy storage, heterogeneous catalysis, microwave absorption, and biomedical systems. Challenges and future prospects of nanofibrous POPs and their derivatives are also discussed. The review emphasizes the 1D nanofibrous morphology, which offers unique advantages such as enhanced surface contact, reduced diffusion resistance, and tunable surface functionality. The article covers the preparation methods of nanofibrous POPs, including hard-template, soft-template, and template-free synthesis. It also discusses the electrospinning method for producing nanofibrous POPs and their derivatives, highlighting the roles of reactant concentration and solvent composition. The review highlights the potential of nanofibrous POPs in various applications, including water treatment, where they can efficiently adsorb pollutants such as organic dyes, phenols, heavy metal ions, and pharmaceuticals. The review also discusses the challenges and future directions of nanofibrous POPs and their derivatives, emphasizing the need for further research to enhance their practical applications.