This review article, authored by Zhao Qu, Ran Leng, Suhua Wang, Zhuoyu Ji, and Xiangke Wang, focuses on the design, synthesis, and functional applications of nanomaterials derived from metal–organic frameworks (MOFs) for pollutant removal. MOFs, known for their porous structure and adjustable channel properties, have gained significant attention in various scientific and engineering fields. Despite their intrinsic micropores providing size-selective capability and high surface area, the narrow pores limit their application in diffusion-controlled processes involving large-size species. Recent advancements in mixed-metal MOFs and MOF films have extended the applications of these materials. The article highlights the structural characteristics and typical reports demonstrating the effectiveness of MOF-based nanomaterials in removing heavy metals, antibiotics, dyes, and emerging pollutants from aqueous solutions. It also discusses the existing challenges and future research directions in this field.This review article, authored by Zhao Qu, Ran Leng, Suhua Wang, Zhuoyu Ji, and Xiangke Wang, focuses on the design, synthesis, and functional applications of nanomaterials derived from metal–organic frameworks (MOFs) for pollutant removal. MOFs, known for their porous structure and adjustable channel properties, have gained significant attention in various scientific and engineering fields. Despite their intrinsic micropores providing size-selective capability and high surface area, the narrow pores limit their application in diffusion-controlled processes involving large-size species. Recent advancements in mixed-metal MOFs and MOF films have extended the applications of these materials. The article highlights the structural characteristics and typical reports demonstrating the effectiveness of MOF-based nanomaterials in removing heavy metals, antibiotics, dyes, and emerging pollutants from aqueous solutions. It also discusses the existing challenges and future research directions in this field.