Nanoparticle-mediated drug delivery systems are pivotal in advancing precision cancer therapy and personalized oncomedicine. This review highlights the transformative role of nanotechnology in cancer treatment, emphasizing the development of targeted nanomedicines that enhance therapeutic efficacy by delivering drugs specifically to cancer cells and the tumour microenvironment. The review discusses the classification of nanoparticles, including organic and inorganic variants, and their significance in targeted drug delivery. It explores current strategies for developing actively targeted nanomedicines across various cancer types, addressing challenges in drug delivery. Promising future directions in personalized cancer nanomedicine are outlined, emphasizing the need for continued optimization of nanocarriers. The review underscores the importance of translational research to improve cancer patient outcomes by refining nanocarrier technologies in site-specific cancer therapy. Cancer remains a significant global health challenge, with high incidence and mortality rates. Traditional cancer therapies, such as surgery, chemotherapy, and radiotherapy, have limitations, including lack of specificity, reduced effectiveness in solid tumours, and drug resistance. These limitations highlight the need for more targeted and precise therapeutic strategies. Nanotechnology offers a promising solution by enabling highly selective drug delivery, responding to specific stimuli, and ensuring controlled release. This approach enhances the precision and effectiveness of cancer treatments. Nanoparticles, including liposomes, polymeric nanoparticles, dendrimers, nanocrystals, nanogels, and quantum dots, offer unique advantages in cancer therapy. They enhance drug stability, solubility, and retention time at tumour sites, addressing the limitations of conventional and precision medicines. The integration of nanotechnology into precision medicine represents a paradigm shift in drug delivery, potentially achieving unprecedented levels of efficacy and specificity. The review discusses various nanoparticle formulations and their applications in cancer therapy, including their ability to target specific receptors on cancer cells and improve drug delivery. The review also explores the role of nanoparticles in integrated diagnostics and therapeutics, highlighting the potential of nanotheranostics for simultaneous imaging and therapy. Targeting the tumour vasculature and microenvironment is another critical aspect, as tumour vasculature differs significantly from normal tissues, allowing for the use of vascular disrupting agents and other targeted therapies. The tumour microenvironment, including the stroma, plays a crucial role in cancer progression, and optimizing its characteristics can enhance the delivery of precision nanomedicines. Future directions in personalized nanomedicine include the integration of multi-omics data, the development of advanced nanocarriers, and the refinement of targeting strategies. These advancements aim to improve the precision and effectiveness of cancer treatments, ultimately offering new hope for patients and clinicians.Nanoparticle-mediated drug delivery systems are pivotal in advancing precision cancer therapy and personalized oncomedicine. This review highlights the transformative role of nanotechnology in cancer treatment, emphasizing the development of targeted nanomedicines that enhance therapeutic efficacy by delivering drugs specifically to cancer cells and the tumour microenvironment. The review discusses the classification of nanoparticles, including organic and inorganic variants, and their significance in targeted drug delivery. It explores current strategies for developing actively targeted nanomedicines across various cancer types, addressing challenges in drug delivery. Promising future directions in personalized cancer nanomedicine are outlined, emphasizing the need for continued optimization of nanocarriers. The review underscores the importance of translational research to improve cancer patient outcomes by refining nanocarrier technologies in site-specific cancer therapy. Cancer remains a significant global health challenge, with high incidence and mortality rates. Traditional cancer therapies, such as surgery, chemotherapy, and radiotherapy, have limitations, including lack of specificity, reduced effectiveness in solid tumours, and drug resistance. These limitations highlight the need for more targeted and precise therapeutic strategies. Nanotechnology offers a promising solution by enabling highly selective drug delivery, responding to specific stimuli, and ensuring controlled release. This approach enhances the precision and effectiveness of cancer treatments. Nanoparticles, including liposomes, polymeric nanoparticles, dendrimers, nanocrystals, nanogels, and quantum dots, offer unique advantages in cancer therapy. They enhance drug stability, solubility, and retention time at tumour sites, addressing the limitations of conventional and precision medicines. The integration of nanotechnology into precision medicine represents a paradigm shift in drug delivery, potentially achieving unprecedented levels of efficacy and specificity. The review discusses various nanoparticle formulations and their applications in cancer therapy, including their ability to target specific receptors on cancer cells and improve drug delivery. The review also explores the role of nanoparticles in integrated diagnostics and therapeutics, highlighting the potential of nanotheranostics for simultaneous imaging and therapy. Targeting the tumour vasculature and microenvironment is another critical aspect, as tumour vasculature differs significantly from normal tissues, allowing for the use of vascular disrupting agents and other targeted therapies. The tumour microenvironment, including the stroma, plays a crucial role in cancer progression, and optimizing its characteristics can enhance the delivery of precision nanomedicines. Future directions in personalized nanomedicine include the integration of multi-omics data, the development of advanced nanocarriers, and the refinement of targeting strategies. These advancements aim to improve the precision and effectiveness of cancer treatments, ultimately offering new hope for patients and clinicians.