Nanoparticles are increasingly used in agriculture as nanofertilizers and nanopesticides to improve crop productivity and nutrient-use efficiency. While they offer benefits such as enhanced nutrient delivery and reduced chemical use, their impact on plant-associated microorganisms, including rhizosphere and endosphere microbes, remains underexplored. These microbes play crucial roles in plant growth, nutrient uptake, and disease prevention. The application of nanoparticles can have both positive and negative effects on these microorganisms, depending on factors such as nanoparticle type, concentration, and environmental conditions. Research indicates that nanoparticles may alter microbial communities, enzyme activities, and nutrient availability, which can influence plant health and agroecosystem sustainability. Although nanoparticles show potential for improving crop yields and reducing environmental impacts, their long-term effects on soil and plant microbiomes require further investigation. The use of nanoparticles in agriculture should be carefully managed to ensure they do not negatively affect beneficial microbial populations. Future studies should focus on understanding the interactions between nanoparticles and plant-associated microorganisms to develop sustainable and precision agricultural practices. This review highlights the importance of plant-associated microorganisms in agroecosystems and the need for further research to assess the environmental and agricultural impacts of nanoparticle applications.Nanoparticles are increasingly used in agriculture as nanofertilizers and nanopesticides to improve crop productivity and nutrient-use efficiency. While they offer benefits such as enhanced nutrient delivery and reduced chemical use, their impact on plant-associated microorganisms, including rhizosphere and endosphere microbes, remains underexplored. These microbes play crucial roles in plant growth, nutrient uptake, and disease prevention. The application of nanoparticles can have both positive and negative effects on these microorganisms, depending on factors such as nanoparticle type, concentration, and environmental conditions. Research indicates that nanoparticles may alter microbial communities, enzyme activities, and nutrient availability, which can influence plant health and agroecosystem sustainability. Although nanoparticles show potential for improving crop yields and reducing environmental impacts, their long-term effects on soil and plant microbiomes require further investigation. The use of nanoparticles in agriculture should be carefully managed to ensure they do not negatively affect beneficial microbial populations. Future studies should focus on understanding the interactions between nanoparticles and plant-associated microorganisms to develop sustainable and precision agricultural practices. This review highlights the importance of plant-associated microorganisms in agroecosystems and the need for further research to assess the environmental and agricultural impacts of nanoparticle applications.