The article reviews the application of nanoparticles in agriculture, focusing on their impact on plant-associated microorganisms. It highlights the global concern over food security due to population growth and climate change, and the limitations of conventional agrochemicals in soil degradation and environmental pollution. Nanotechnology is emerging as a promising alternative, offering improved crop productivity and nutrient efficiency with lower doses of nano-sized agrochemicals. Nanoparticles are used as nanofertilizers and nanopesticides, showing positive effects on plant growth. However, their continuous use may negatively affect rhizospheric and endospheric microorganisms, which are crucial for plant health and nutrient uptake. The review discusses the diverse roles of plant-associated microorganisms, including their interactions with nanoparticles and the potential implications for sustainable agriculture. It emphasizes the need for further research to understand the long-term effects of nanoparticles on microbial communities and to develop guidelines for their safe and effective use in agriculture.The article reviews the application of nanoparticles in agriculture, focusing on their impact on plant-associated microorganisms. It highlights the global concern over food security due to population growth and climate change, and the limitations of conventional agrochemicals in soil degradation and environmental pollution. Nanotechnology is emerging as a promising alternative, offering improved crop productivity and nutrient efficiency with lower doses of nano-sized agrochemicals. Nanoparticles are used as nanofertilizers and nanopesticides, showing positive effects on plant growth. However, their continuous use may negatively affect rhizospheric and endospheric microorganisms, which are crucial for plant health and nutrient uptake. The review discusses the diverse roles of plant-associated microorganisms, including their interactions with nanoparticles and the potential implications for sustainable agriculture. It emphasizes the need for further research to understand the long-term effects of nanoparticles on microbial communities and to develop guidelines for their safe and effective use in agriculture.