This review discusses the application of nanostructured metal oxides (NMOs) in electrochemical biosensors for medical diagnosis. NMOs, such as zinc oxide (ZnO), titanium dioxide (TiO₂), iron (II, III) oxide (Fe₃O₄), nickel oxide (NiO), and copper oxide (CuO), are highlighted for their unique properties, including high surface-to-volume ratio, reaction activity, and adsorption strength. These properties make them suitable for immobilizing biomolecules and enhancing the sensitivity and selectivity of biosensors. The synthesis methods of NMOs, including physical and chemical techniques, are detailed, emphasizing the importance of controlling particle size and structure. The review also covers the morphologies, analysis techniques, analytes, and analytical performances of electrochemical biosensors developed over the past decade. Key applications of NMOs in medical diagnosis are discussed, focusing on their use in detecting various analytes such as urea, glucose, uric acid, and cholesterol. The effectiveness of NMOs as nanozymes, which mimic the catalytic properties of natural enzymes, is explored. Additionally, the review examines the integration of NMOs into different types of biosensors, including amperometric, conductometric, and potentiometric sensors. Specific examples of NMO-based biosensors are provided, such as ZnO-based sensors for detecting Zika virus, glucose, bovine hemoglobin, dopamine, and ascorbic acid. TiO₂-based sensors for detecting SARS-CoV-2, uric acid, cholesterol, and H1N1 swine flu virus are also discussed. Fe₃O₄-based sensors for detecting microRNA-21, prostate-specific antigen (PSA), and hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg) are highlighted. NiO-based sensors for detecting acetylcholine and lactate are mentioned, and CuO-based sensors for glucose detection are discussed. The review concludes by emphasizing the potential of NMOs in advancing the field of electrochemical biosensors for medical diagnosis, highlighting their advantages in sensitivity, selectivity, and cost-effectiveness.This review discusses the application of nanostructured metal oxides (NMOs) in electrochemical biosensors for medical diagnosis. NMOs, such as zinc oxide (ZnO), titanium dioxide (TiO₂), iron (II, III) oxide (Fe₃O₄), nickel oxide (NiO), and copper oxide (CuO), are highlighted for their unique properties, including high surface-to-volume ratio, reaction activity, and adsorption strength. These properties make them suitable for immobilizing biomolecules and enhancing the sensitivity and selectivity of biosensors. The synthesis methods of NMOs, including physical and chemical techniques, are detailed, emphasizing the importance of controlling particle size and structure. The review also covers the morphologies, analysis techniques, analytes, and analytical performances of electrochemical biosensors developed over the past decade. Key applications of NMOs in medical diagnosis are discussed, focusing on their use in detecting various analytes such as urea, glucose, uric acid, and cholesterol. The effectiveness of NMOs as nanozymes, which mimic the catalytic properties of natural enzymes, is explored. Additionally, the review examines the integration of NMOs into different types of biosensors, including amperometric, conductometric, and potentiometric sensors. Specific examples of NMO-based biosensors are provided, such as ZnO-based sensors for detecting Zika virus, glucose, bovine hemoglobin, dopamine, and ascorbic acid. TiO₂-based sensors for detecting SARS-CoV-2, uric acid, cholesterol, and H1N1 swine flu virus are also discussed. Fe₃O₄-based sensors for detecting microRNA-21, prostate-specific antigen (PSA), and hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg) are highlighted. NiO-based sensors for detecting acetylcholine and lactate are mentioned, and CuO-based sensors for glucose detection are discussed. The review concludes by emphasizing the potential of NMOs in advancing the field of electrochemical biosensors for medical diagnosis, highlighting their advantages in sensitivity, selectivity, and cost-effectiveness.