Carbon nanotubes (CNTs) are promising nanomaterials with unique mechanical, electronic, and physicochemical properties, making them valuable for cancer therapy. This review discusses their applications in cancer diagnostics, targeted therapies, and toxicity evaluation. CNTs can be used as drug delivery systems, enabling targeted release of anticancer drugs and reducing adverse effects on healthy tissues. They can also be combined with photothermal and photodynamic therapies to enhance cancer cell destruction. CNTs have potential in cancer diagnostics through photoacoustic, fluorescence, and Raman imaging. In pancreatic cancer, CNTs can be used as templates for sensing cancer proteins or as nanocarriers for drug delivery. In liver cancer, CNTs can detect biomarkers like α-fetoprotein (AFP) and assess tumor invasion. In ovarian cancer, CNTs can be used in nanosensor arrays for early detection. CNTs are also used in gene therapy to deliver siRNA and pdna, targeting cancer cells. In cancer therapy, CNTs can deliver drugs directly to the tumor microenvironment, enhancing therapeutic efficacy. They can also respond to the tumor microenvironment for controlled drug release. CNT-based nanocarriers can deliver siRNA to the cytoplasm for effective gene therapy. However, CNTs may cause toxicity, including cardiovascular, pulmonary, hepatic, and nephrotoxic effects. Their interaction with cells can induce oxidative stress, inflammation, and apoptosis. CNTs can enter the central nervous system through the blood-brain barrier, potentially causing neuroinflammation. The accumulation of CNTs in organs like the kidneys highlights the need for further research to ensure their safety and effectiveness in clinical applications. Overall, CNTs offer new opportunities for cancer treatment but require careful evaluation of their toxicity and biological interactions.Carbon nanotubes (CNTs) are promising nanomaterials with unique mechanical, electronic, and physicochemical properties, making them valuable for cancer therapy. This review discusses their applications in cancer diagnostics, targeted therapies, and toxicity evaluation. CNTs can be used as drug delivery systems, enabling targeted release of anticancer drugs and reducing adverse effects on healthy tissues. They can also be combined with photothermal and photodynamic therapies to enhance cancer cell destruction. CNTs have potential in cancer diagnostics through photoacoustic, fluorescence, and Raman imaging. In pancreatic cancer, CNTs can be used as templates for sensing cancer proteins or as nanocarriers for drug delivery. In liver cancer, CNTs can detect biomarkers like α-fetoprotein (AFP) and assess tumor invasion. In ovarian cancer, CNTs can be used in nanosensor arrays for early detection. CNTs are also used in gene therapy to deliver siRNA and pdna, targeting cancer cells. In cancer therapy, CNTs can deliver drugs directly to the tumor microenvironment, enhancing therapeutic efficacy. They can also respond to the tumor microenvironment for controlled drug release. CNT-based nanocarriers can deliver siRNA to the cytoplasm for effective gene therapy. However, CNTs may cause toxicity, including cardiovascular, pulmonary, hepatic, and nephrotoxic effects. Their interaction with cells can induce oxidative stress, inflammation, and apoptosis. CNTs can enter the central nervous system through the blood-brain barrier, potentially causing neuroinflammation. The accumulation of CNTs in organs like the kidneys highlights the need for further research to ensure their safety and effectiveness in clinical applications. Overall, CNTs offer new opportunities for cancer treatment but require careful evaluation of their toxicity and biological interactions.