The chapter discusses the role of nanotechnology in combating infectious and inflammatory diseases, focusing on prevention, treatment, and detection. It highlights the challenges and advancements in nanotechnology-based therapies, emphasizing the development of more effective and targeted anti-inflammatory treatments. Various types of nanoparticles (NPs) are explored, including metal NPs, carbon-based NPs, lipid NPs, polymeric NPs, protein-based NPs, and exosomes. These NPs are used for vaccine development, drug delivery, and pathogen detection, offering enhanced stability, targeting, and bioavailability. The chapter also reviews the applications of NPs in antiviral therapy, such as efficient drug delivery and immune response activation. Despite the promising potential, challenges in clinical translation and safety concerns are discussed, along with the need for further research to ensure the safety and efficacy of nanotechnology-based treatments.The chapter discusses the role of nanotechnology in combating infectious and inflammatory diseases, focusing on prevention, treatment, and detection. It highlights the challenges and advancements in nanotechnology-based therapies, emphasizing the development of more effective and targeted anti-inflammatory treatments. Various types of nanoparticles (NPs) are explored, including metal NPs, carbon-based NPs, lipid NPs, polymeric NPs, protein-based NPs, and exosomes. These NPs are used for vaccine development, drug delivery, and pathogen detection, offering enhanced stability, targeting, and bioavailability. The chapter also reviews the applications of NPs in antiviral therapy, such as efficient drug delivery and immune response activation. Despite the promising potential, challenges in clinical translation and safety concerns are discussed, along with the need for further research to ensure the safety and efficacy of nanotechnology-based treatments.