Gerard Genette's essay "Narrative Discourse" explores the concept of focalization in narrative structure, categorizing it into three types: nonfocalized, internal focalization, and external focalization. Nonfocalized narratives are those with zero focalization, where the narrator knows everything. Internal focalization involves the narrator focusing on a specific character's perspective, which can be fixed (e.g., *The Ambassadors*), variable (e.g., *Madame Bovary*), or multiple (e.g., epistolary novels). External focalization, popularized by authors like Dashiell Hammett and Hemingway, presents the hero's actions without revealing their thoughts or feelings. Genette also discusses the ambivalence of focalization, where different points of view can be seen as both internal and external, and the distinction between variable and nonfocalized narratives can be blurred. He introduces the concept of "alterations" to describe isolated infractions of the narrative code, such as lateral omission (paralipsis) and excess information (paralepsis). Finally, Genette emphasizes that the use of the first person does not necessarily imply internal focalization, as the autobiographical narrator often speaks in their own name, maintaining a level of discretion and respect for the character's freedom.Gerard Genette's essay "Narrative Discourse" explores the concept of focalization in narrative structure, categorizing it into three types: nonfocalized, internal focalization, and external focalization. Nonfocalized narratives are those with zero focalization, where the narrator knows everything. Internal focalization involves the narrator focusing on a specific character's perspective, which can be fixed (e.g., *The Ambassadors*), variable (e.g., *Madame Bovary*), or multiple (e.g., epistolary novels). External focalization, popularized by authors like Dashiell Hammett and Hemingway, presents the hero's actions without revealing their thoughts or feelings. Genette also discusses the ambivalence of focalization, where different points of view can be seen as both internal and external, and the distinction between variable and nonfocalized narratives can be blurred. He introduces the concept of "alterations" to describe isolated infractions of the narrative code, such as lateral omission (paralipsis) and excess information (paralepsis). Finally, Genette emphasizes that the use of the first person does not necessarily imply internal focalization, as the autobiographical narrator often speaks in their own name, maintaining a level of discretion and respect for the character's freedom.