Nasopharyngeal lymphatic plexus is a hub for cerebrospinal fluid drainage

Nasopharyngeal lymphatic plexus is a hub for cerebrospinal fluid drainage

25 January 2024 | Jin-Hui Yoon, Hokyung Jin, Hae Jin Kim, Seon Pyo Hong, Myung Jin Yang, Ji Hoon Ahn, Young-Chan Kim, Jincheol Seo, Yongjeon Lee, Donald M. McDonald, Michael J. Davis & Gou Young Koh
The nasopharyngeal lymphatic plexus (NPLP) is a major hub for cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) drainage to deep cervical lymph nodes. Using fluorescent CSF tracers in Prox1-GFP lymphatic reporter mice, the study identified the NPLP as a key structure for CSF outflow. The NPLP has unique features, including unusual valves, short lymphangions, and no smooth-muscle coverage, unlike downstream deep cervical lymphatics, which have typical semilunar valves, long lymphangions, and smooth muscle. α-Adrenergic and nitric oxide (NO) signaling regulate CSF drainage through the transport properties of deep cervical lymphatics. During aging, the NPLP atrophies, but deep cervical lymphatics remain functional, and CSF outflow can still be increased by adrenergic or NO signaling. Single-cell analysis of gene expression in aged mice revealed increased type I interferon signaling and other inflammatory cytokines in the NPLP, highlighting its importance as a CSF outflow hub. Despite regression during aging, pharmacological activation of deep cervical lymphatic transport can still increase CSF outflow, offering a potential approach for enhancing CSF clearance in age-related neurological conditions. CSF is essential for mechanical protection, nourishment, and clearing of metabolic waste, and its regulation is increasingly important due to its role in neurodegenerative diseases. CSF drains through various routes, including lymphatics in the cribriform plate, perineurium of cranial nerves, and dura mater. However, the connections between the subarachnoid space and extracranial lymphatics involved in CSF drainage have been challenging to identify. The study confirmed that CSF can drain through the NPLP, with connections to the cribriform plate and other intracranial regions. The NPLP is connected to deep cervical lymphatics, which transport CSF to lymph nodes. The NPLP can be expanded by overexpression of VEGF-C, and this expansion can increase CSF outflow. The study also found that medial cervical lymphatics are more efficient in CSF drainage than lateral ones. Aging reduces CSF outflow through the NPLP, but deep cervical lymphatics remain functional. Transcriptomic analysis of LECs in the NPLP revealed increased pro-inflammatory and pro-apoptotic gene expression in aged mice. These findings highlight the importance of the NPLP and deep cervical lymphatics in CSF drainage and suggest that pharmacological manipulation of deep cervical lymphatics could be a strategy for enhancing CSF clearance in age-related neurological conditions.The nasopharyngeal lymphatic plexus (NPLP) is a major hub for cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) drainage to deep cervical lymph nodes. Using fluorescent CSF tracers in Prox1-GFP lymphatic reporter mice, the study identified the NPLP as a key structure for CSF outflow. The NPLP has unique features, including unusual valves, short lymphangions, and no smooth-muscle coverage, unlike downstream deep cervical lymphatics, which have typical semilunar valves, long lymphangions, and smooth muscle. α-Adrenergic and nitric oxide (NO) signaling regulate CSF drainage through the transport properties of deep cervical lymphatics. During aging, the NPLP atrophies, but deep cervical lymphatics remain functional, and CSF outflow can still be increased by adrenergic or NO signaling. Single-cell analysis of gene expression in aged mice revealed increased type I interferon signaling and other inflammatory cytokines in the NPLP, highlighting its importance as a CSF outflow hub. Despite regression during aging, pharmacological activation of deep cervical lymphatic transport can still increase CSF outflow, offering a potential approach for enhancing CSF clearance in age-related neurological conditions. CSF is essential for mechanical protection, nourishment, and clearing of metabolic waste, and its regulation is increasingly important due to its role in neurodegenerative diseases. CSF drains through various routes, including lymphatics in the cribriform plate, perineurium of cranial nerves, and dura mater. However, the connections between the subarachnoid space and extracranial lymphatics involved in CSF drainage have been challenging to identify. The study confirmed that CSF can drain through the NPLP, with connections to the cribriform plate and other intracranial regions. The NPLP is connected to deep cervical lymphatics, which transport CSF to lymph nodes. The NPLP can be expanded by overexpression of VEGF-C, and this expansion can increase CSF outflow. The study also found that medial cervical lymphatics are more efficient in CSF drainage than lateral ones. Aging reduces CSF outflow through the NPLP, but deep cervical lymphatics remain functional. Transcriptomic analysis of LECs in the NPLP revealed increased pro-inflammatory and pro-apoptotic gene expression in aged mice. These findings highlight the importance of the NPLP and deep cervical lymphatics in CSF drainage and suggest that pharmacological manipulation of deep cervical lymphatics could be a strategy for enhancing CSF clearance in age-related neurological conditions.
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