Pregnancy involves significant physiological changes that support fetal development and prepare the mother for labor and delivery. These changes affect various organ systems, including the respiratory, musculoskeletal, reproductive, endocrine, cardiovascular, neurological, gastrointestinal, and immune systems. Key changes include increased renal plasma flow and glomerular filtration rate (GFR), cardiac output, and blood volume. Renal changes involve renal vasodilation, increased glomerular filtration rate, and structural alterations in the renal, pelvic, and calyceal systems. Cardiovascular changes include increased cardiac output, peripheral vasodilation, and a decrease in systemic vascular resistance. Hematological changes involve increased plasma volume, decreased hemoglobin concentration, and altered coagulation factors. Endocrine changes affect thyroid hormones, adrenal glands, pituitary gland, and mineral metabolism. Respiratory changes include increased oxygen demand and ventilation. Skeletal and bone density changes are driven by increased calcium absorption and bone resorption. These physiological adaptations are crucial for supporting fetal growth and development, but they can also lead to symptoms that may be mistaken for illness. Understanding these changes is essential for healthcare providers to manage and address any concerns during pregnancy.Pregnancy involves significant physiological changes that support fetal development and prepare the mother for labor and delivery. These changes affect various organ systems, including the respiratory, musculoskeletal, reproductive, endocrine, cardiovascular, neurological, gastrointestinal, and immune systems. Key changes include increased renal plasma flow and glomerular filtration rate (GFR), cardiac output, and blood volume. Renal changes involve renal vasodilation, increased glomerular filtration rate, and structural alterations in the renal, pelvic, and calyceal systems. Cardiovascular changes include increased cardiac output, peripheral vasodilation, and a decrease in systemic vascular resistance. Hematological changes involve increased plasma volume, decreased hemoglobin concentration, and altered coagulation factors. Endocrine changes affect thyroid hormones, adrenal glands, pituitary gland, and mineral metabolism. Respiratory changes include increased oxygen demand and ventilation. Skeletal and bone density changes are driven by increased calcium absorption and bone resorption. These physiological adaptations are crucial for supporting fetal growth and development, but they can also lead to symptoms that may be mistaken for illness. Understanding these changes is essential for healthcare providers to manage and address any concerns during pregnancy.