Galor and Moav present a unified evolutionary growth theory that explains the interplay between human evolution and economic growth since the emergence of the human species. The theory suggests that prolonged economic stagnation before the transition to sustained growth stimulated natural selection, shaping human evolution. In turn, human evolution was the origin of the take-off from an era of stagnation to sustained growth. The theory integrates the observed evolution of population, technology, and income per capita during the long transition from Malthusian stagnation to sustained economic growth. It posits that during the Malthusian era, technology evolved slowly, and population growth prevented sustained increases in income per capita. Human beings, like other species, faced a trade-off between the quality and quantity of offspring. Quality-biased preferences, which had a positive effect on fertility rates, also adversely affected the quality of offspring, their fitness, and thus their fertility rates. The evolutionary pressure in the Malthusian era favored quality-biased preferences, leading to increased population quality and faster technological progress, which brought about the take-off from stagnation to sustained growth. The theory also incorporates the main Malthusian features, such as the self-equilibrating role of population size in a stationary economic environment. It argues that the inherent positive interaction between population and technology during the Malthusian regime increased the rate of technological progress, leading to investment in human capital, a demographic transition, and sustained growth. The theory is based on four fundamental elements: the Malthusian world, the Darwinian world, the evolution of the human species, and the demographic transition. The study focuses on the change in the composition of types within Homo Sapiens rather than the more dramatic evolution from Homo Erectus to Homo Sapiens. The theory abstracts from the evolution in the size of the human brain, focusing on the evolution of preferences within Homo Sapiens. The study suggests that evolutionary processes in the composition of types are rapid, and that fertility decisions based on the optimization of the household generate a non-monotonic relationship between population growth and income. This fundamental distinction enables the theory to capture the monotonic evolution of population growth and income per capita until the 19th century as well as the reversal in this relationship during the demographic transition paving the way to sustained economic growth. The integration between an evolutionary process and a unified growth model generates an endogenous take-off from an epoch of Malthusian stagnation based on the evolution of mankind. The theory is based on four fundamental elements: the Malthusian world, the Darwinian world, the evolution of the human species, and the demographic transition. The study focuses on the change in the composition of types within Homo Sapiens rather than the more dramatic evolution from Homo Erectus to Homo Sapiens. The theory abstracts from the evolution in the size of the human brain, focusing on the evolution of preferences within Homo Sapiens. TheGalor and Moav present a unified evolutionary growth theory that explains the interplay between human evolution and economic growth since the emergence of the human species. The theory suggests that prolonged economic stagnation before the transition to sustained growth stimulated natural selection, shaping human evolution. In turn, human evolution was the origin of the take-off from an era of stagnation to sustained growth. The theory integrates the observed evolution of population, technology, and income per capita during the long transition from Malthusian stagnation to sustained economic growth. It posits that during the Malthusian era, technology evolved slowly, and population growth prevented sustained increases in income per capita. Human beings, like other species, faced a trade-off between the quality and quantity of offspring. Quality-biased preferences, which had a positive effect on fertility rates, also adversely affected the quality of offspring, their fitness, and thus their fertility rates. The evolutionary pressure in the Malthusian era favored quality-biased preferences, leading to increased population quality and faster technological progress, which brought about the take-off from stagnation to sustained growth. The theory also incorporates the main Malthusian features, such as the self-equilibrating role of population size in a stationary economic environment. It argues that the inherent positive interaction between population and technology during the Malthusian regime increased the rate of technological progress, leading to investment in human capital, a demographic transition, and sustained growth. The theory is based on four fundamental elements: the Malthusian world, the Darwinian world, the evolution of the human species, and the demographic transition. The study focuses on the change in the composition of types within Homo Sapiens rather than the more dramatic evolution from Homo Erectus to Homo Sapiens. The theory abstracts from the evolution in the size of the human brain, focusing on the evolution of preferences within Homo Sapiens. The study suggests that evolutionary processes in the composition of types are rapid, and that fertility decisions based on the optimization of the household generate a non-monotonic relationship between population growth and income. This fundamental distinction enables the theory to capture the monotonic evolution of population growth and income per capita until the 19th century as well as the reversal in this relationship during the demographic transition paving the way to sustained economic growth. The integration between an evolutionary process and a unified growth model generates an endogenous take-off from an epoch of Malthusian stagnation based on the evolution of mankind. The theory is based on four fundamental elements: the Malthusian world, the Darwinian world, the evolution of the human species, and the demographic transition. The study focuses on the change in the composition of types within Homo Sapiens rather than the more dramatic evolution from Homo Erectus to Homo Sapiens. The theory abstracts from the evolution in the size of the human brain, focusing on the evolution of preferences within Homo Sapiens. The