Natural and synthetic polymers are versatile materials used in biomedical and environmental applications. Natural polymers, such as polysaccharides, proteins, and bacterial polyesters, are biocompatible and biodegradable, making them suitable for drug delivery, tissue engineering, wound healing, and environmental applications. Synthetic polymers like poly(lactic acid), poly(acrylic acid), and polyethylene glycol are also widely used in controlled drug release, nano-carriers, and environmental remediation. Recent advancements in polymer chemistry have enabled the development of polymers with specific biomedical functions, including antiviral, anticancer, and antimicrobial activities. Natural polymers, such as chitosan and hyaluronic acid, are particularly useful in biomedical applications due to their biocompatibility, biodegradability, and ability to support tissue regeneration. Synthetic polymers are also used in environmental applications, such as food packaging, nanocarriers for fertilizers and pesticides, and bioplastics. The review discusses the advantages, limitations, and future prospects of natural and synthetic polymers in biomedical and environmental fields, highlighting their potential for sustainable and efficient applications.Natural and synthetic polymers are versatile materials used in biomedical and environmental applications. Natural polymers, such as polysaccharides, proteins, and bacterial polyesters, are biocompatible and biodegradable, making them suitable for drug delivery, tissue engineering, wound healing, and environmental applications. Synthetic polymers like poly(lactic acid), poly(acrylic acid), and polyethylene glycol are also widely used in controlled drug release, nano-carriers, and environmental remediation. Recent advancements in polymer chemistry have enabled the development of polymers with specific biomedical functions, including antiviral, anticancer, and antimicrobial activities. Natural polymers, such as chitosan and hyaluronic acid, are particularly useful in biomedical applications due to their biocompatibility, biodegradability, and ability to support tissue regeneration. Synthetic polymers are also used in environmental applications, such as food packaging, nanocarriers for fertilizers and pesticides, and bioplastics. The review discusses the advantages, limitations, and future prospects of natural and synthetic polymers in biomedical and environmental fields, highlighting their potential for sustainable and efficient applications.