This review explores the theoretical foundations, fabrication methods, applications, and challenges of superhydrophobic surfaces, drawing inspiration from nature. Superhydrophobic surfaces, characterized by high water contact angles (WCA) and self-cleaning properties, have significant potential in various industries. The review discusses the principles of wetting, including Young's equation, Wenzel and Cassie–Baxter states, and contact angle hysteresis. It highlights the importance of surface roughness and chemical composition in determining wettability. The review also covers various fabrication methods, such as chemical etching, lithography, and template methods, which enable the creation of hierarchical micro/nanostructures for enhanced water repellency. Applications of superhydrophobic surfaces include self-cleaning technologies, oil-water separation, and anti-icing coatings. Despite their advantages, challenges such as durability, scalability, and multifunctionality remain. The review emphasizes the need for further research to overcome these challenges and fully harness the potential of superhydrophobic surfaces.This review explores the theoretical foundations, fabrication methods, applications, and challenges of superhydrophobic surfaces, drawing inspiration from nature. Superhydrophobic surfaces, characterized by high water contact angles (WCA) and self-cleaning properties, have significant potential in various industries. The review discusses the principles of wetting, including Young's equation, Wenzel and Cassie–Baxter states, and contact angle hysteresis. It highlights the importance of surface roughness and chemical composition in determining wettability. The review also covers various fabrication methods, such as chemical etching, lithography, and template methods, which enable the creation of hierarchical micro/nanostructures for enhanced water repellency. Applications of superhydrophobic surfaces include self-cleaning technologies, oil-water separation, and anti-icing coatings. Despite their advantages, challenges such as durability, scalability, and multifunctionality remain. The review emphasizes the need for further research to overcome these challenges and fully harness the potential of superhydrophobic surfaces.