This review explores the complex role of nerve growth factor (NGF) in inflammation and tumor development. NGF, a neurotrophic factor, plays a dual role in both inflammatory states and cancer, acting as both a pro-inflammatory and oncogenic factor. The authors discuss how NGF regulates the inflammatory microenvironment and tumor cell growth, survival, and death. They highlight the interaction of NGF with various signaling pathways and cellular components within the microenvironment, emphasizing its context-dependent actions. NGF can stimulate immune cell activity, enhance sensory nerve sensitivity, and promote tumor growth by stimulating cell proliferation and suppressing apoptosis. The review also examines the role of NGF in carcinogenesis, particularly in breast, prostate, and liver cancers, where it influences cell survival, resistance to chemotherapy, and metastasis. Additionally, the authors discuss the impact of NGF on the tumor microenvironment (TME), including its effects on immune cell interactions, angiogenesis, and epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT). The review further explores the epigenetic mechanisms involved in NGF signaling and its potential therapeutic applications, suggesting that targeting NGF and its receptors could be a promising strategy for cancer treatment. Overall, the article provides a comprehensive overview of NGF's multifaceted role in inflammation and cancer, offering insights into its potential as a therapeutic target.This review explores the complex role of nerve growth factor (NGF) in inflammation and tumor development. NGF, a neurotrophic factor, plays a dual role in both inflammatory states and cancer, acting as both a pro-inflammatory and oncogenic factor. The authors discuss how NGF regulates the inflammatory microenvironment and tumor cell growth, survival, and death. They highlight the interaction of NGF with various signaling pathways and cellular components within the microenvironment, emphasizing its context-dependent actions. NGF can stimulate immune cell activity, enhance sensory nerve sensitivity, and promote tumor growth by stimulating cell proliferation and suppressing apoptosis. The review also examines the role of NGF in carcinogenesis, particularly in breast, prostate, and liver cancers, where it influences cell survival, resistance to chemotherapy, and metastasis. Additionally, the authors discuss the impact of NGF on the tumor microenvironment (TME), including its effects on immune cell interactions, angiogenesis, and epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT). The review further explores the epigenetic mechanisms involved in NGF signaling and its potential therapeutic applications, suggesting that targeting NGF and its receptors could be a promising strategy for cancer treatment. Overall, the article provides a comprehensive overview of NGF's multifaceted role in inflammation and cancer, offering insights into its potential as a therapeutic target.