The editorial discusses the neural correlates and molecular mechanisms of memory and learning, highlighting the roles of key brain regions such as the amygdala, hippocampus, and prefrontal cortex (PFC) in memory formation and learning processes. The article reviews recent studies on memory and learning in animal models, computational models, and clinical contexts. It emphasizes the importance of neurotransmitters and neuromodulators, synaptic plasticity, and pharmacological interventions in modulating cognitive functions. The Special Issue includes six papers that explore various aspects of memory and learning, including the effects of multisensory stimulation, glucocorticoid receptor antagonism, and recognition memory on hippocampal neurogenesis and synaptic plasticity. The studies also examine the neuropharmacological modulation of NMDA, noradrenaline, and endocannabinoid receptors in fear extinction learning. The editorial discusses the significance of synaptic plasticity, such as long-term potentiation (LTP), in memory formation and the potential of pharmacological interventions to enhance cognitive functions. It also highlights the need for further research on the role of other neurotransmitters and neuromodulators, the importance of different forms of synaptic plasticity, and the long-term effects of pharmacological interventions on cognitive functions. The editorial concludes that understanding the neural and molecular mechanisms underlying memory and learning is essential for advancing our knowledge of the brain and developing new strategies for enhancing cognitive performance and treating cognitive disorders.The editorial discusses the neural correlates and molecular mechanisms of memory and learning, highlighting the roles of key brain regions such as the amygdala, hippocampus, and prefrontal cortex (PFC) in memory formation and learning processes. The article reviews recent studies on memory and learning in animal models, computational models, and clinical contexts. It emphasizes the importance of neurotransmitters and neuromodulators, synaptic plasticity, and pharmacological interventions in modulating cognitive functions. The Special Issue includes six papers that explore various aspects of memory and learning, including the effects of multisensory stimulation, glucocorticoid receptor antagonism, and recognition memory on hippocampal neurogenesis and synaptic plasticity. The studies also examine the neuropharmacological modulation of NMDA, noradrenaline, and endocannabinoid receptors in fear extinction learning. The editorial discusses the significance of synaptic plasticity, such as long-term potentiation (LTP), in memory formation and the potential of pharmacological interventions to enhance cognitive functions. It also highlights the need for further research on the role of other neurotransmitters and neuromodulators, the importance of different forms of synaptic plasticity, and the long-term effects of pharmacological interventions on cognitive functions. The editorial concludes that understanding the neural and molecular mechanisms underlying memory and learning is essential for advancing our knowledge of the brain and developing new strategies for enhancing cognitive performance and treating cognitive disorders.