The editorial introduces a Special Issue titled "Neural Correlates and Molecular Mechanisms of Memory and Learning," which aims to provide insights into the complex and diverse nature of cognitive processes. The issue includes six papers that explore various aspects of memory and learning, including the role of neurotransmitters, neuromodulators, synaptic plasticity, and pharmacological interventions. The introduction highlights the importance of understanding the neural and molecular mechanisms underlying memory and learning, which are essential for survival, adaptation, and creativity. The amygdala, hippocampus, and prefrontal cortex (PFC) are identified as pivotal structures for shaping memory and facilitating learning. The PFC is particularly crucial for long-term memory storage and retrieval, with distinct subregions contributing to different cognitive processes. The editorial also emphasizes the need for further research on the role of other neurotransmitters and neuromodulators, as well as the long-term effects of pharmacological interventions on cognitive functions. The Special Issue contributes to the advancement of knowledge in this field and encourages interdisciplinary collaboration among researchers.The editorial introduces a Special Issue titled "Neural Correlates and Molecular Mechanisms of Memory and Learning," which aims to provide insights into the complex and diverse nature of cognitive processes. The issue includes six papers that explore various aspects of memory and learning, including the role of neurotransmitters, neuromodulators, synaptic plasticity, and pharmacological interventions. The introduction highlights the importance of understanding the neural and molecular mechanisms underlying memory and learning, which are essential for survival, adaptation, and creativity. The amygdala, hippocampus, and prefrontal cortex (PFC) are identified as pivotal structures for shaping memory and facilitating learning. The PFC is particularly crucial for long-term memory storage and retrieval, with distinct subregions contributing to different cognitive processes. The editorial also emphasizes the need for further research on the role of other neurotransmitters and neuromodulators, as well as the long-term effects of pharmacological interventions on cognitive functions. The Special Issue contributes to the advancement of knowledge in this field and encourages interdisciplinary collaboration among researchers.