This review discusses the neural regulation of endocrine and autonomic stress responses, focusing on the brain circuits that control these responses. The brain integrates sensory information from various systems to activate neuroendocrine and autonomic systems, which help maintain homeostasis. The limbic forebrain, hypothalamus, and brainstem are key regions involved in this process. These regions interact with circuits responsible for memory and reward, allowing the stress response to be tailored based on prior experience and anticipated outcomes. The autonomic nervous system (ANS) provides immediate responses to stress through sympathetic and parasympathetic pathways, while the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenocortical (HPA) axis mediates longer-term responses. The brainstem receives signals about homeostatic perturbations and activates the HPA axis through pathways that project to the paraventricular nucleus (PVN) of the hypothalamus. The PVN is a key integrator of stress signals and projects to various brain regions that regulate autonomic and HPA responses. The review also discusses the role of the circumventricular organs in integrating peripheral signals and the involvement of the paraventricular and dorsomedial nuclei in stress responses. The limbic system, including the amygdala, hippocampus, and medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC), plays a critical role in processing stressors and modulating HPA and autonomic responses. The amygdala is particularly involved in fear responses and stress integration, while the hippocampus regulates the termination of HPA responses. The mPFC is involved in modulating stress responses, with the prelimbic and infralimbic regions having distinct roles in inhibiting and initiating stress responses, respectively. The review also highlights the role of glucocorticoid feedback in regulating HPA axis activity and the impact of chronic stress on brain structures involved in stress responses. The review concludes that the neural control of stress is a complex process involving integration of information about real and potential outcomes. The limbic structures are crucial in this process, and the interaction between stress, memory, and reward systems is significant. Future research should focus on understanding the interplay between these systems to better understand how the brain processes and responds to stress.This review discusses the neural regulation of endocrine and autonomic stress responses, focusing on the brain circuits that control these responses. The brain integrates sensory information from various systems to activate neuroendocrine and autonomic systems, which help maintain homeostasis. The limbic forebrain, hypothalamus, and brainstem are key regions involved in this process. These regions interact with circuits responsible for memory and reward, allowing the stress response to be tailored based on prior experience and anticipated outcomes. The autonomic nervous system (ANS) provides immediate responses to stress through sympathetic and parasympathetic pathways, while the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenocortical (HPA) axis mediates longer-term responses. The brainstem receives signals about homeostatic perturbations and activates the HPA axis through pathways that project to the paraventricular nucleus (PVN) of the hypothalamus. The PVN is a key integrator of stress signals and projects to various brain regions that regulate autonomic and HPA responses. The review also discusses the role of the circumventricular organs in integrating peripheral signals and the involvement of the paraventricular and dorsomedial nuclei in stress responses. The limbic system, including the amygdala, hippocampus, and medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC), plays a critical role in processing stressors and modulating HPA and autonomic responses. The amygdala is particularly involved in fear responses and stress integration, while the hippocampus regulates the termination of HPA responses. The mPFC is involved in modulating stress responses, with the prelimbic and infralimbic regions having distinct roles in inhibiting and initiating stress responses, respectively. The review also highlights the role of glucocorticoid feedback in regulating HPA axis activity and the impact of chronic stress on brain structures involved in stress responses. The review concludes that the neural control of stress is a complex process involving integration of information about real and potential outcomes. The limbic structures are crucial in this process, and the interaction between stress, memory, and reward systems is significant. Future research should focus on understanding the interplay between these systems to better understand how the brain processes and responds to stress.