The article by Koob and Volkow provides a comprehensive overview of the neurocircuitry involved in drug addiction, emphasizing the three stages of the addiction cycle: binge/intoxication, withdrawal/negative affect, and preoccupation/anticipation (craving). The authors highlight the key brain regions and neurotransmitter systems that mediate each stage, such as the ventral tegmental area and ventral striatum for the binge/intoxication stage, the extended amygdala for the withdrawal/negative affect stage, and the orbitofrontal cortex, dorsal striatum, and prefrontal cortex for the preoccupation/anticipation stage. They discuss the neuroplastic changes that occur in these circuits during addiction, including the dysregulation of dopamine systems and the recruitment of other neurotransmitter systems like GABA and norepinephrine. The article also reviews animal models and human imaging studies that have contributed to our understanding of the neurobiological basis of addiction, emphasizing the role of reinforcement, motivation, and neurochemical circuits in the development and maintenance of addiction.The article by Koob and Volkow provides a comprehensive overview of the neurocircuitry involved in drug addiction, emphasizing the three stages of the addiction cycle: binge/intoxication, withdrawal/negative affect, and preoccupation/anticipation (craving). The authors highlight the key brain regions and neurotransmitter systems that mediate each stage, such as the ventral tegmental area and ventral striatum for the binge/intoxication stage, the extended amygdala for the withdrawal/negative affect stage, and the orbitofrontal cortex, dorsal striatum, and prefrontal cortex for the preoccupation/anticipation stage. They discuss the neuroplastic changes that occur in these circuits during addiction, including the dysregulation of dopamine systems and the recruitment of other neurotransmitter systems like GABA and norepinephrine. The article also reviews animal models and human imaging studies that have contributed to our understanding of the neurobiological basis of addiction, emphasizing the role of reinforcement, motivation, and neurochemical circuits in the development and maintenance of addiction.