The article provides an overview of neuromodulation techniques, including both non-invasive and invasive methods, that have been developed over the past 30 years. Non-invasive techniques such as Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation (TMS), Transcranial Direct Current Stimulation (tDCS), and Transcranial Ultrasound Stimulation (TUS) are widely used for diagnostic and therapeutic purposes. TMS, particularly repetitive TMS (rTMS), is effective in treating conditions like major depressive disorder (MDD) and obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD). tDCS modulates cortical excitability and has shown promise in treating psychiatric disorders, neurological disorders, and movement disorders. TUS delivers low-intensity ultrasonic waves to target both cortical and deep brain regions, showing potential in cognitive enhancement and motor function improvement. Invasive techniques like Deep Brain Stimulation (DBS), Spinal Cord Stimulation (SCS), and Vagus Nerve Stimulation (VNS) are used for more severe conditions, with DBS being the most common for movement disorders and SCS for chronic neuropathic pain. VNS is approved for treatment-resistant epilepsy and MDD. The article also discusses the ongoing research and clinical trials exploring novel applications and paradigms for these interventions, highlighting the potential for personalized and closed-loop stimulation systems.The article provides an overview of neuromodulation techniques, including both non-invasive and invasive methods, that have been developed over the past 30 years. Non-invasive techniques such as Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation (TMS), Transcranial Direct Current Stimulation (tDCS), and Transcranial Ultrasound Stimulation (TUS) are widely used for diagnostic and therapeutic purposes. TMS, particularly repetitive TMS (rTMS), is effective in treating conditions like major depressive disorder (MDD) and obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD). tDCS modulates cortical excitability and has shown promise in treating psychiatric disorders, neurological disorders, and movement disorders. TUS delivers low-intensity ultrasonic waves to target both cortical and deep brain regions, showing potential in cognitive enhancement and motor function improvement. Invasive techniques like Deep Brain Stimulation (DBS), Spinal Cord Stimulation (SCS), and Vagus Nerve Stimulation (VNS) are used for more severe conditions, with DBS being the most common for movement disorders and SCS for chronic neuropathic pain. VNS is approved for treatment-resistant epilepsy and MDD. The article also discusses the ongoing research and clinical trials exploring novel applications and paradigms for these interventions, highlighting the potential for personalized and closed-loop stimulation systems.