The article discusses the spatiotemporal diversity and dynamics of neuronal circuits in the hippocampal CA1 area, highlighting the role of GABAergic interneurons in modulating the activity of pyramidal cells. The authors argue that time is a crucial metric for cortical operations, driving both computational complexity and the evolution of neuronal diversity. They explore how different types of GABAergic interneurons, such as PV-expressing and CCK-expressing cells, innervate distinct subcellular domains of pyramidal cells, contributing to the temporal coordination of network activity. The article also examines how these interneurons interact with glutamatergic inputs to support synaptic dynamics, network oscillations, and the selection of cell assemblies. Additionally, it discusses the role of GABAergic projection neurons in coordinating network states across cortical areas and the dynamic cooperation between pyramidal cells and specific GABAergic interneurons in forming cell assemblies. The conclusion emphasizes the sophisticated temporal differentiation of cortical neuron activity and the importance of understanding this diversity for comprehending cortical circuits and their pathologies.The article discusses the spatiotemporal diversity and dynamics of neuronal circuits in the hippocampal CA1 area, highlighting the role of GABAergic interneurons in modulating the activity of pyramidal cells. The authors argue that time is a crucial metric for cortical operations, driving both computational complexity and the evolution of neuronal diversity. They explore how different types of GABAergic interneurons, such as PV-expressing and CCK-expressing cells, innervate distinct subcellular domains of pyramidal cells, contributing to the temporal coordination of network activity. The article also examines how these interneurons interact with glutamatergic inputs to support synaptic dynamics, network oscillations, and the selection of cell assemblies. Additionally, it discusses the role of GABAergic projection neurons in coordinating network states across cortical areas and the dynamic cooperation between pyramidal cells and specific GABAergic interneurons in forming cell assemblies. The conclusion emphasizes the sophisticated temporal differentiation of cortical neuron activity and the importance of understanding this diversity for comprehending cortical circuits and their pathologies.