Neutrophils are innate immune cells that play a critical role in host defense against infections. Neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs) are a defense mechanism where neutrophils release a web-like structure composed of DNA, histones, and granular proteins to trap and kill bacteria. Recent research has shown that bacteria have developed various strategies to evade or resist NETs, including inhibiting NET formation, degrading NET components, and altering their surface charge to avoid NET-mediated killing. NETs are formed through two main mechanisms: the lytic pathway, which involves cell death and the release of chromatin, and the non-lytic pathway, which allows NET formation without cell death. The components of NETs include DNA, histones, and various granular proteins. NETs can disrupt bacterial biofilms and kill bacteria, but some bacteria have evolved ways to avoid NETs, such as producing nucleases that degrade NET DNA or modifying their surface to resist NET-mediated killing. Bacteria such as Staphylococcus aureus, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and Streptococcus pneumoniae have been shown to evade NETs through various mechanisms, including the production of enzymes that degrade NET components, the secretion of proteins that inhibit NET formation, and the alteration of their surface charge to avoid NET-mediated killing. Additionally, some bacteria form biofilms that protect them from NET-mediated killing. The study highlights the importance of understanding the mechanisms by which bacteria evade NETs and the role of NETs in immune defense. It also emphasizes the need for further research to develop new strategies to combat bacterial infections by targeting NET formation and function. The findings suggest that modulating NET release could be a promising approach for the prevention and treatment of bacterial diseases.Neutrophils are innate immune cells that play a critical role in host defense against infections. Neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs) are a defense mechanism where neutrophils release a web-like structure composed of DNA, histones, and granular proteins to trap and kill bacteria. Recent research has shown that bacteria have developed various strategies to evade or resist NETs, including inhibiting NET formation, degrading NET components, and altering their surface charge to avoid NET-mediated killing. NETs are formed through two main mechanisms: the lytic pathway, which involves cell death and the release of chromatin, and the non-lytic pathway, which allows NET formation without cell death. The components of NETs include DNA, histones, and various granular proteins. NETs can disrupt bacterial biofilms and kill bacteria, but some bacteria have evolved ways to avoid NETs, such as producing nucleases that degrade NET DNA or modifying their surface to resist NET-mediated killing. Bacteria such as Staphylococcus aureus, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and Streptococcus pneumoniae have been shown to evade NETs through various mechanisms, including the production of enzymes that degrade NET components, the secretion of proteins that inhibit NET formation, and the alteration of their surface charge to avoid NET-mediated killing. Additionally, some bacteria form biofilms that protect them from NET-mediated killing. The study highlights the importance of understanding the mechanisms by which bacteria evade NETs and the role of NETs in immune defense. It also emphasizes the need for further research to develop new strategies to combat bacterial infections by targeting NET formation and function. The findings suggest that modulating NET release could be a promising approach for the prevention and treatment of bacterial diseases.