This review explores the multifaceted roles of neutrophils in the tumor microenvironment (TME), highlighting their complex and dynamic interactions with both tumor cells and the adaptive immune system. Neutrophils, the most abundant type of leukocyte, play a crucial role in both pro-tumor and anti-tumor processes. They are involved in tumor recruitment, progression, and modulation, and their heterogeneity within the TME is a key factor in their functional diversity. Recent advancements in techniques such as single-cell RNA sequencing and mass cytometry have revealed the existence of distinct neutrophil subpopulations, each with unique gene signatures and functions. Neutrophils can influence tumor growth, metastasis, and immunosuppression through mechanisms such as NETosis, ROS generation, and the release of various cytokines and chemokines. They also exhibit anti-tumor capabilities, including tumor cell killing, trogocytosis, and antigen presentation. The review discusses the clinical relevance of targeting neutrophils in cancer therapy, including preclinical and clinical studies that aim to exploit their potential as therapeutic strategies. Despite the progress, challenges remain in understanding the full extent of neutrophil functions and their heterogeneity, particularly due to their transient lifespan and adaptable nature.This review explores the multifaceted roles of neutrophils in the tumor microenvironment (TME), highlighting their complex and dynamic interactions with both tumor cells and the adaptive immune system. Neutrophils, the most abundant type of leukocyte, play a crucial role in both pro-tumor and anti-tumor processes. They are involved in tumor recruitment, progression, and modulation, and their heterogeneity within the TME is a key factor in their functional diversity. Recent advancements in techniques such as single-cell RNA sequencing and mass cytometry have revealed the existence of distinct neutrophil subpopulations, each with unique gene signatures and functions. Neutrophils can influence tumor growth, metastasis, and immunosuppression through mechanisms such as NETosis, ROS generation, and the release of various cytokines and chemokines. They also exhibit anti-tumor capabilities, including tumor cell killing, trogocytosis, and antigen presentation. The review discusses the clinical relevance of targeting neutrophils in cancer therapy, including preclinical and clinical studies that aim to exploit their potential as therapeutic strategies. Despite the progress, challenges remain in understanding the full extent of neutrophil functions and their heterogeneity, particularly due to their transient lifespan and adaptable nature.