The NLRP3 inflammasome is a key regulator of inflammation and neurodegenerative diseases. It is activated by pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs) and damage-associated molecular patterns (DAMPs), leading to the assembly and activation of the inflammasome. This process involves the sensor NLRP3, adaptor ASC, and effector caspase-1, which stimulate pro-inflammatory cytokines and contribute to neuroinflammation. Dysregulation of the NLRP3 inflammasome is linked to various neurological disorders, including Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, and multiple sclerosis. The inflammasome is regulated through various mechanisms, including epigenetic modifications such as DNA methylation, histone alterations, and microRNAs, which influence its activation and expression. Recent studies have identified specific and non-specific inhibitors of the NLRP3 inflammasome, which could be used to treat NLRP3-mediated diseases. These inhibitors include MCC950, POPs, CY-09, OLT1177, Tranilast, Oridonin, Bot-4-one, and BHB. These compounds have shown therapeutic potential in various diseases, including neurodegenerative disorders, autoimmune diseases, and inflammatory conditions. The NLRP3 inflammasome is also involved in the non-canonical and alternative pathways, which are less studied but may offer new therapeutic targets. Overall, understanding the mechanisms of NLRP3 inflammasome activation, inhibition, and regulation is crucial for developing effective treatments for NLRP3-related diseases.The NLRP3 inflammasome is a key regulator of inflammation and neurodegenerative diseases. It is activated by pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs) and damage-associated molecular patterns (DAMPs), leading to the assembly and activation of the inflammasome. This process involves the sensor NLRP3, adaptor ASC, and effector caspase-1, which stimulate pro-inflammatory cytokines and contribute to neuroinflammation. Dysregulation of the NLRP3 inflammasome is linked to various neurological disorders, including Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, and multiple sclerosis. The inflammasome is regulated through various mechanisms, including epigenetic modifications such as DNA methylation, histone alterations, and microRNAs, which influence its activation and expression. Recent studies have identified specific and non-specific inhibitors of the NLRP3 inflammasome, which could be used to treat NLRP3-mediated diseases. These inhibitors include MCC950, POPs, CY-09, OLT1177, Tranilast, Oridonin, Bot-4-one, and BHB. These compounds have shown therapeutic potential in various diseases, including neurodegenerative disorders, autoimmune diseases, and inflammatory conditions. The NLRP3 inflammasome is also involved in the non-canonical and alternative pathways, which are less studied but may offer new therapeutic targets. Overall, understanding the mechanisms of NLRP3 inflammasome activation, inhibition, and regulation is crucial for developing effective treatments for NLRP3-related diseases.