The article reviews the principles and recent advancements in understanding cancer immunoediting, which involves three phases: Elimination, Equilibrium, and Escape. During the Elimination phase, the immune system, both innate and adaptive, destroys transformed cells. In the Equilibrium phase, tumor cells that survive immune destruction may enter a state of functional dormancy, where they resist immune recognition and induce immunosuppression. The Escape phase is the final stage, where tumors grow progressively, become clinically apparent, and establish an immunosuppressive microenvironment. The review highlights recent findings on predictive and prognostic biomarkers, as well as the development of novel cancer immunotherapies, emphasizing the importance of targeting multiple tumor antigens and understanding the complex interactions between the immune system and cancer.The article reviews the principles and recent advancements in understanding cancer immunoediting, which involves three phases: Elimination, Equilibrium, and Escape. During the Elimination phase, the immune system, both innate and adaptive, destroys transformed cells. In the Equilibrium phase, tumor cells that survive immune destruction may enter a state of functional dormancy, where they resist immune recognition and induce immunosuppression. The Escape phase is the final stage, where tumors grow progressively, become clinically apparent, and establish an immunosuppressive microenvironment. The review highlights recent findings on predictive and prognostic biomarkers, as well as the development of novel cancer immunotherapies, emphasizing the importance of targeting multiple tumor antigens and understanding the complex interactions between the immune system and cancer.