The study identifies a newly discovered lineage of *Mycobacterium africanum* named L10, found in central Africa. Using genome sequencing data from over 100,000 *Mycobacterium tuberculosis* complex isolates, researchers used the TB-Annotator platform to analyze genetic variations and phylogenetic relationships. L10 is characterized by specific SNPs, regions of deletion (RDs), and IS6110 insertions, and is sister to L6 and L9, two major M. africanum lineages. The lineage is represented by two genomes, one from a patient in the Democratic Republic of Congo and another from Belgium. Phylogenetic reconstruction confirmed L10's position between L6/L9 and the animal lineage A1. L10 shares 375 specific SNPs with other isolates and lacks drug resistance markers. The presence of L10 in central Africa suggests an independent migration from western Africa, adding to the complex evolutionary history of M. africanum. The findings extend the known diversity of M. africanum in Africa and provide new insights into its evolutionary and geographic migration patterns.The study identifies a newly discovered lineage of *Mycobacterium africanum* named L10, found in central Africa. Using genome sequencing data from over 100,000 *Mycobacterium tuberculosis* complex isolates, researchers used the TB-Annotator platform to analyze genetic variations and phylogenetic relationships. L10 is characterized by specific SNPs, regions of deletion (RDs), and IS6110 insertions, and is sister to L6 and L9, two major M. africanum lineages. The lineage is represented by two genomes, one from a patient in the Democratic Republic of Congo and another from Belgium. Phylogenetic reconstruction confirmed L10's position between L6/L9 and the animal lineage A1. L10 shares 375 specific SNPs with other isolates and lacks drug resistance markers. The presence of L10 in central Africa suggests an independent migration from western Africa, adding to the complex evolutionary history of M. africanum. The findings extend the known diversity of M. africanum in Africa and provide new insights into its evolutionary and geographic migration patterns.