The article reviews the current landscape and future prospects of therapeutic strategies for retinal neurodegenerative diseases, including glaucoma, macular degeneration, and inherited genetic disorders. It highlights the challenges in delivering treatments effectively to the posterior segment of the eye, such as low intraocular bioavailability and the risk of systemic side effects. The review discusses various delivery methods, including topical administration, peri- and intraocular injections, implants, and systemic administration, each with its advantages and limitations. For glaucoma, the article details the current standard of care, which includes beta adrenergic antagonists, alpha adrenergic agonists, and prostaglandin analogs administered as eye drops. It also explores preclinical research on sustained-release systems, such as hydrogels, nanoparticles, and contact lenses, which aim to improve drug bioavailability and reduce the frequency of dosing. For age-related macular degeneration (AMD), the article covers the two main forms: dry and wet AMD. It discusses the recent approvals of complement inhibitors for dry AMD and anti-VEGF therapies for wet AMD. The review also examines preclinical studies on less invasive delivery methods, such as suprachoroidal injections and subconjunctival injections, which are designed to provide sustained therapeutic effects with minimal invasiveness. Overall, the article emphasizes the need for innovative therapeutic strategies that can overcome the limitations of current treatments, improve patient compliance and safety, and achieve sustained therapeutic effects in the posterior segment of the eye.The article reviews the current landscape and future prospects of therapeutic strategies for retinal neurodegenerative diseases, including glaucoma, macular degeneration, and inherited genetic disorders. It highlights the challenges in delivering treatments effectively to the posterior segment of the eye, such as low intraocular bioavailability and the risk of systemic side effects. The review discusses various delivery methods, including topical administration, peri- and intraocular injections, implants, and systemic administration, each with its advantages and limitations. For glaucoma, the article details the current standard of care, which includes beta adrenergic antagonists, alpha adrenergic agonists, and prostaglandin analogs administered as eye drops. It also explores preclinical research on sustained-release systems, such as hydrogels, nanoparticles, and contact lenses, which aim to improve drug bioavailability and reduce the frequency of dosing. For age-related macular degeneration (AMD), the article covers the two main forms: dry and wet AMD. It discusses the recent approvals of complement inhibitors for dry AMD and anti-VEGF therapies for wet AMD. The review also examines preclinical studies on less invasive delivery methods, such as suprachoroidal injections and subconjunctival injections, which are designed to provide sustained therapeutic effects with minimal invasiveness. Overall, the article emphasizes the need for innovative therapeutic strategies that can overcome the limitations of current treatments, improve patient compliance and safety, and achieve sustained therapeutic effects in the posterior segment of the eye.